{"_meta":{"country":"CH","title":"Swiss citizenship by naturalisation: federal law, routes, cantonal rules, case law, refusals and statistics","generated":"2026-10-23","schema":"citizenship-record v1","rule":"Every published statement carries the official source it was read on and the read date. Cantonal rules apply on top of federal rules. Unconfirmed items are listed under withheld, never filled.","disclaimer":"Information, not legal advice. Naturalisation decisions are discretionary at cantonal and communal level within the federal framework; appeals require qualified counsel.","counts":{"claims_published":354,"claims_withheld":66,"case_law":21,"cantons":26,"conflicts":0}},"cantons":{"CH-ZH":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":2,"unit":"years","text":"Applicants must have lived in the same Zurich commune for at least two years immediately before filing; time abroad of up to six months with intent to return does not interrupt it.","basis":"§ 5 KBüG ZH; Handbuch Einbürgerungen ch. 3.4.1","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich, Gemeindeamt: Handbuch Einbürgerungen (Stand 24 Sept 2026)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"residence_canton_years":{"value":2,"unit":"years","text":"Applicants who file before their 25th birthday need only two years of residence in the canton of Zurich instead of two years in one commune; the federal double-counting rule does not apply to this period.","basis":"§ 5 Abs. 2 KBüG ZH; Handbuch ch. 3.4.1","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich, Gemeindeamt: Handbuch Einbürgerungen (Stand 24 Sept 2026)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Applies to under-25s only; others must meet the commune rule"},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Zurich requires oral German at B1 (listening and speaking), which matches the federal level.","basis":"Art. 12 BüG; KDE page","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich: Kantonaler Deutschtest (KDE)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung/kantonaler-deutschtest.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Zurich requires written German at A2 (reading and writing), which matches the federal level.","basis":"Art. 12 BüG; KDE page","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich: Kantonaler Deutschtest (KDE)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung/kantonaler-deutschtest.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":{"required":true,"bank":350,"drawn":50,"pass_mark":30,"pass_percent":60,"split":"35 federal, 10 cantonal, 5 communal","practice_material":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/gkt/broschuere_einbuergerung_grundkenntnistest.pdf"},"unit":"object","text":"The Zurich Grundkenntnistest is a digital test that draws 50 questions at random from a bank of 350 and is passed with 30 correct (60 percent); the canton provides the test to communes free of charge.","basis":"§ 6 KBüV ZH; Handbuch ch. 4.6.2.1","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich, Gemeindeamt: Handbuch Einbürgerungen (Stand 24 Sept 2026)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"interview":{"value":"Optional: each commune decides whether to hold an interview; if held it is minuted and the applicant may choose standard German or dialect","unit":"text","text":"Holding a naturalisation interview is at the commune's discretion in Zurich, and the commune may skip it if the documents suffice.","basis":"§ 13 KBüV ZH; Handbuch ch. 6.2.1","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich, Gemeindeamt: Handbuch Einbürgerungen (Stand 24 Sept 2026)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune: municipal executive, commune assembly, commune parliament or a special citizenship commission, as set in the commune's own constitution (no ballot votes); canton: Gemeindeamt; federal: SEM","unit":"text","text":"Each Zurich commune assigns the decision on communal citizenship to its executive, assembly, parliament or a citizenship commission, and ballot votes are not allowed.","basis":"Art. 21 KV ZH; § 13 KBüG ZH; Handbuch ch. 6.1","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich, Gemeindeamt: Handbuch Einbürgerungen (Stand 24 Sept 2026)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"canton_adult":500,"canton_under25":250,"canton_under20":0,"canton_refusal":200,"federal_adult":100,"federal_couple":150,"federal_under18":50,"commune":"cost-covering, set by each commune; half for under 25, none for under 20","included_children":0},"unit":"CHF","text":"The cantonal fee is CHF 500 for an adult (CHF 250 if under 25, none if under 20), the federal fee is CHF 100 (CHF 150 for a couple, CHF 50 for under 18s), and communal fees are cost-covering and set by each commune.","basis":"§ 20 KBüG ZH; § 23 KBüV ZH; Handbuch ch. 8.5","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich, Gemeindeamt: Handbuch Einbürgerungen (Stand 24 Sept 2026)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"Federal rule only: no social assistance in the three years before filing or during the procedure, unless repaid in full","unit":"text","text":"Zurich applies the federal three-year look-back for social assistance and does not set a longer period.","basis":"Art. 9 BüV; Handbuch ch. 4.4.3","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich, Gemeindeamt: Handbuch Einbürgerungen (Stand 24 Sept 2026)","url":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.zh.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung.html","unit":"url","text":"The canton of Zurich's official naturalisation page is run by the Gemeindeamt, Abteilung Einbürgerungen.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Zurich: Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.zh.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-BE":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":"more than 2","unit":"years","text":"Applicants must show residence of more than two years in the commune where they file, and the commune may not set a different period.","basis":"Art. 11 KBüG BE; BSIG ch. 3.2","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern, Sicherheitsdirektion: Bernische Systematische Information Gemeinden, Einbürgerungsverfahren (04/2024, file dated 28 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Wording is 'mehr als zwei Jahre' at the time of filing"},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Bern requires oral competence at B1 in the language of the applicant's administrative district.","basis":"Art. 12 KBüG BE","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern: Sprachkenntnisse und Nachweis","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/de/start/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung/sprachnachweis.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Bern requires written competence at A2 in the language of the applicant's administrative district.","basis":"Art. 12 KBüG BE","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern: Sprachkenntnisse und Nachweis","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/de/start/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung/sprachnachweis.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":{"required":true,"format":"written, 90 minutes, organised by the commune","pass_mark_percent":60,"cost_chf":"260 to 390 (communes set the fee)","number_of_questions":null},"unit":"object","text":"Bern requires a written naturalisation test of 90 minutes that is passed with at least 60 percent correct, with a target cost of CHF 260 to 390 borne by the applicant.","basis":"Art. 12 Abs. 1 Bst. d KBüG BE; BSIG ch. 3.3","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern, Sicherheitsdirektion: Bernische Systematische Information Gemeinden, Einbürgerungsverfahren (04/2024, file dated 28 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Number of questions and practice material URL not stated in the text read; the test is taken before filing"},"interview":{"value":"Interview held between the applicant and the commune (format at the commune's discretion for Swiss applicants; for foreigners integration is checked on documents and in a conversation with the commune)","unit":"text","text":"In Bern the integration criteria for foreign applicants are checked from the documents and in a conversation between the applicant and the naturalisation commune.","basis":"BSIG ch. 3.3","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern, Sicherheitsdirektion: Bernische Systematische Information Gemeinden, Einbürgerungsverfahren (04/2024, file dated 28 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune: the full municipal council (Gesamtgemeinderat) grants a promise of communal citizenship; canton: Sicherheitsdirektion (SID) grants cantonal citizenship; federal: SEM","unit":"text","text":"The whole municipal council must promise communal citizenship, after which the Sicherheitsdirektion grants cantonal citizenship once the federal permit is issued.","basis":"Art. 22 Abs. 1 and 3 KBüG BE","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern, Sicherheitsdirektion: Bernische Systematische Information Gemeinden, Einbürgerungsverfahren (04/2024, file dated 28 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"individual":1150,"couple":1725,"minor_alone":575,"minor_with_parent":0,"federal_adult":100,"federal_couple":150,"federal_minor":50,"commune":"set by each commune, not listed"},"unit":"CHF","text":"The cantonal fee is CHF 1,150 for an individual and CHF 1,725 for a couple, CHF 575 for a minor applying alone, and it is also charged on refusal; communal fees are set by each commune.","basis":"Gebührenübersicht Kanton Bern","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern: Einbürgerung, Gebühren","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/de/start/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung/gebuehren.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":{"look_back_years":10,"summary":"Current receipt, or receipt in the ten years before filing, is generally a bar unless repaid in full; exceptions exist for minors, first education and hardship"},"unit":"object","text":"Bern treats social assistance received now or in the ten years before filing as a general obstacle to naturalisation unless the amount is repaid in full, which is stricter than the federal three years.","basis":"Art. 12 Abs. 1 Bst. c KBüG BE; Art. 13 and 16 KBüV BE; BSIG ch. 3.3.6","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern, Sicherheitsdirektion: Bernische Systematische Information Gemeinden, Einbürgerungsverfahren (04/2024, file dated 28 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"processing_time":{"value":"Communes normally decide within 12 months of receiving the complete file; the canton has the same period from receiving the final communal decision","unit":"text","text":"Bern sets a standard handling period of twelve months for the commune and again twelve months for the canton, paused during any suspension.","basis":"Art. 21 KBüV BE","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern, Sicherheitsdirektion: Bernische Systematische Information Gemeinden, Einbürgerungsverfahren (04/2024, file dated 28 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/de/start/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html","unit":"url","text":"The canton of Bern's official ordinary naturalisation page is on the Sicherheitsdirektion's einbuergerung portal.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Bern: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/de/start/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-LU":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":"3 of the last 5 years, including 1 year uninterrupted immediately before naturalisation","unit":"text","text":"Lucerne requires a total of three years in the naturalisation commune within the five years before filing, with at least one uninterrupted year immediately before naturalisation.","basis":"§ 17 Abs. 1 KBüG LU (applies to foreigners via § 18)","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern: Kantonales Bürgerrechtsgesetz (KBüG, SRL Nr. 2), Stand 1 Jan 2018","url":"https://srl.lu.ch/api/de/versions/3140/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Law text read is the version listed as Stand 1 Jan 2018; check for later amendments"},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Lucerne requires oral German at B1, which matches the federal level.","basis":"§ 22 Abs. 1 KBüG LU","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern: Kantonales Bürgerrechtsgesetz (KBüG, SRL Nr. 2), Stand 1 Jan 2018","url":"https://srl.lu.ch/api/de/versions/3140/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Law text read is the version listed as Stand 1 Jan 2018; check for later amendments"},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Lucerne requires written German at A2, which matches the federal level.","basis":"§ 22 Abs. 1 KBüG LU","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern: Kantonales Bürgerrechtsgesetz (KBüG, SRL Nr. 2), Stand 1 Jan 2018","url":"https://srl.lu.ch/api/de/versions/3140/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Law text read is the version listed as Stand 1 Jan 2018; check for later amendments"},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune: commune assembly for foreign applicants, unless voters delegate to the commune council, parliament or a commission; canton: Justiz- und Sicherheitsdepartement grants cantonal citizenship","unit":"text","text":"In Lucerne the commune assembly decides on promising communal citizenship to foreigners unless voters delegate it, and the Justiz- und Sicherheitsdepartement then grants cantonal citizenship.","basis":"§ 10 and § 30 KBüG LU","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern: Kantonales Bürgerrechtsgesetz (KBüG, SRL Nr. 2), Stand 1 Jan 2018","url":"https://srl.lu.ch/api/de/versions/3140/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Law text read is the version listed as Stand 1 Jan 2018; check for later amendments"},"fees_cantonal":{"value":"Cost-covering fees only; amounts are set by regulation and by each commune and were not published on the pages read","unit":"text","text":"Lucerne communes and the canton charge fees that may at most cover costs, with the detail left to the government ordinance.","basis":"§ 32 KBüG LU","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern: Kantonales Bürgerrechtsgesetz (KBüG, SRL Nr. 2), Stand 1 Jan 2018","url":"https://srl.lu.ch/api/de/versions/3140/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Law text read is the version listed as Stand 1 Jan 2018; check for later amendments; no CHF amount read"},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"Federal-style rule: social assistance in the three years immediately before filing or during the procedure fails the economic participation criterion unless repaid in full","unit":"text","text":"Lucerne uses a three-year look-back for social assistance, the same as the federal period.","basis":"§ 23 Abs. 3 KBüG LU","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern: Kantonales Bürgerrechtsgesetz (KBüG, SRL Nr. 2), Stand 1 Jan 2018","url":"https://srl.lu.ch/api/de/versions/3140/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Law text read is the version listed as Stand 1 Jan 2018; check for later amendments"},"processing_time":{"value":"Cantonal and federal steps together usually take 4 to 6 months; communal time varies by commune","unit":"text","text":"The Lucerne cantonal page states that the cantonal and federal procedure takes about four to six months in total and that communal processing times vary.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern, Gemeinden: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://gemeinden.lu.ch/Einbuergerungen/einbuergerung_ausland/ordentliche_einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://gemeinden.lu.ch/Einbuergerungen/einbuergerung_ausland/ordentliche_einbuergerung","unit":"url","text":"The canton of Lucerne's official ordinary naturalisation page is on gemeinden.lu.ch.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Luzern, Gemeinden: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://gemeinden.lu.ch/Einbuergerungen/einbuergerung_ausland/ordentliche_einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-UR":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Uri requires five years of uninterrupted residence in the canton immediately before filing.","basis":"KBüG UR (RB 1.4121); cantonal page","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri: Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.ur.ch/dienstleistungen/3394","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Exact article not read; figure as stated on the cantonal page"},"residence_commune_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Uri requires five years of uninterrupted residence in the commune, and the page also states ten years in Switzerland with ages 8 to 18 counting double (minimum six actual years).","basis":"KBüG UR; Merkblatt","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri: Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.ur.ch/dienstleistungen/3394","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Uri requires oral German at B1, with exemptions for native speakers or five years of schooling in German-speaking Switzerland.","basis":"Art. 1 let. c KBüG UR; Art. 6 VKBüG","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri: Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.ur.ch/dienstleistungen/3394","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Uri requires written German at A2, with the same exemptions.","basis":"Art. 1 let. c KBüG UR; Art. 6 VKBüG","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri: Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.ur.ch/dienstleistungen/3394","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":{"required":true,"format":"Staatskundetest run twice a year by the Berufs- und Weiterbildungszentrum Uri (bwz uri); can be oral in justified cases; cost borne by applicant","exemption":"five years of schooling in Switzerland at compulsory level or above","number_of_questions":null},"unit":"object","text":"Uri proves civic knowledge by a Staatskundetest held twice a year by bwz uri, from which people with five years of Swiss schooling are exempt.","basis":"Art. 5 VKBüG; Merkblatt","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri, Justizdirektion: Merkblatt Die ordentliche Einbürgerung im Kanton Uri (fees dated 7 Feb 2019; law Stand 1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.ur.ch/_doc/455587","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune: commune assembly (unless the commune assigns it elsewhere); canton: Regierungsrat; federal: SEM","unit":"text","text":"In Uri the commune assembly decides on communal citizenship and the Regierungsrat grants cantonal citizenship after the federal permit.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. 5","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri, Justizdirektion: Merkblatt Die ordentliche Einbürgerung im Kanton Uri (fees dated 7 Feb 2019; law Stand 1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.ur.ch/_doc/455587","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"federal":"CHF 50 to 200","canton":"CHF 500 to 1,500","commune":"in practice follows the cantonal scale","adjustment":"can be doubled or halved for unusual workload","as_of":"2019-02-07"},"unit":"CHF","text":"Uri charges separate federal (CHF 50 to 200), cantonal (CHF 500 to 1,500) and communal fees, as of the Merkblatt's 7 February 2019 date.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. 4","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri, Justizdirektion: Merkblatt Die ordentliche Einbürgerung im Kanton Uri (fees dated 7 Feb 2019; law Stand 1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.ur.ch/_doc/455587","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Fee table is dated 2019; the federal fee has since been fixed at CHF 100 for adults per BüV, so treat the federal range as out of date"},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":{"look_back_years":5,"summary":"No social assistance or asylum welfare in the five years before filing or during the procedure, unless repaid in full; also no unpaid tax or certain debt entries in the last five years"},"unit":"object","text":"Uri requires orderly finances, including no social assistance in the five years before filing, which is stricter than the federal three years.","basis":"Art. 9 KBüG UR; Merkblatt ch. 3","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri, Justizdirektion: Merkblatt Die ordentliche Einbürgerung im Kanton Uri (fees dated 7 Feb 2019; law Stand 1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.ur.ch/_doc/455587","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.ur.ch/dienstleistungen/3394","unit":"url","text":"The canton of Uri's official naturalisation page is operated by the Justizdirektion.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Uri: Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.ur.ch/dienstleistungen/3394","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-SZ":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Schwyz requires five years of uninterrupted residence in the commune, alongside ten years in Switzerland (ages 8 to 18 count double) and a C permit.","basis":"§ 3 BRG SZ; canton page","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz, Departement des Innern: Ordentliche Einbürgerungen","url":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B2","unit":"level","text":"Schwyz requires oral German at B2, above the federal B1.","basis":"§ 54 Bürgerrechtsverordnung SZ; canton page","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz: Bürgerrechtsverordnung SRSZ 110.111 (5 June 2012, in force 1 Jan 2013)","url":"https://www.sz.ch/public/upload/assets/3641/110_111.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Brief's starting fact confirmed for SZ"},"language_written":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Schwyz requires written German at B1, above the federal A2.","basis":"§ 54 Bürgerrechtsverordnung SZ; canton page","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz: Bürgerrechtsverordnung SRSZ 110.111 (5 June 2012, in force 1 Jan 2013)","url":"https://www.sz.ch/public/upload/assets/3641/110_111.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":{"required":true,"format":"basic knowledge is checked in the personal interview, or the applicant passes a test at a recognised institution (BBZ Pfäffikon or Goldau) at own expense","number_of_questions":null},"unit":"object","text":"In Schwyz basic civic knowledge is assessed in the commune's interview or by a test at a recognised institution such as the BBZ in Pfäffikon or Goldau, paid by the applicant.","basis":"§ 6 Bürgerrechtsverordnung SZ; canton page","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz, Departement des Innern: Ordentliche Einbürgerungen","url":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"interview":{"value":"Yes: personal hearing (Anhörung) held as part of the communal review","unit":"text","text":"Schwyz provides a personal hearing of the applicant as part of the communal examination.","basis":"§ 9 BRG SZ; canton page","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz, Departement des Innern: Ordentliche Einbürgerungen","url":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune: commune assembly by open vote, or the body the commune assigns; canton: Kantonsrat grants cantonal citizenship; federal: SEM permit","unit":"text","text":"In Schwyz the commune assembly decides in an open vote (or a delegated body), the Departement des Innern checks the file, and the Kantonsrat grants cantonal citizenship.","basis":"§§ 10 to 12 BRG SZ; canton page","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz, Departement des Innern: Ordentliche Einbürgerungen","url":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"individual":"CHF 100 to 500","couple_or_family":"CHF 100 to 1,000","may_exceed_by":"up to 100 percent for above-average workload","commune":"set by the commune council, approved by the Regierungsrat","federal":"CHF 50 to 150 per canton page"},"unit":"CHF","text":"The 2012 Schwyz ordinance sets cantonal fees of CHF 100 to 500 for an individual and CHF 100 to 1,000 for couples and families, with communal fees set separately.","basis":"§ 20 Bürgerrechtsverordnung SZ; § 18 BRG SZ","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz: Bürgerrechtsverordnung SRSZ 110.111 (5 June 2012, in force 1 Jan 2013)","url":"https://www.sz.ch/public/upload/assets/3641/110_111.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Ordinance text is the 2012 edition on the cantonal site; a 2022 government decision proposed fee changes, current amounts not confirmed"},"processing_time":{"value":"One to two years","unit":"text","text":"The Schwyz cantonal page gives one to two years as the usual processing time.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz, Departement des Innern: Ordentliche Einbürgerungen","url":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487","unit":"url","text":"The canton of Schwyz's official ordinary naturalisation page is run by the Departement des Innern, Personenstand/Bürgerrecht.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Schwyz, Departement des Innern: Ordentliche Einbürgerungen","url":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-OW":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Obwalden requires five years of uninterrupted residence in the canton and in the same commune immediately before filing, plus ten years in Switzerland of which three are in the last five.","basis":"BRG OW (GDB 111.2); Merkblatt ch. 1.1.2","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"residence_commune_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"The five years must be in the same commune as well as in the canton, uninterrupted and immediately before filing.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. 1.1.2","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Obwalden requires oral German at B1, which matches the federal level.","basis":"Merkblatt Anhang 4","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Obwalden requires written German at A2, which matches the federal level.","basis":"Merkblatt Anhang 4","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":{"required":true,"format":"mostly multiple choice with some written answers; six question blocks; minimum points per block; about 90 minutes","topics":"naturalisation procedure, rights and duties, state structure, geography and history, politics, society","number_of_questions":null},"unit":"object","text":"Obwalden requires a civics examination of six question blocks (about 90 minutes) on Switzerland, the canton and the commune, passed before filing, with a minimum score in every block.","basis":"Art. 6a BRG OW; Merkblatt Anhang 5","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"interview":{"value":"Yes: Kantonspolizei invites the applicant to a one to two hour conversation for the Führungsbericht; the commune also checks the criteria","unit":"text","text":"In Obwalden the cantonal police normally hold one conversation of one to two hours with the applicant to prepare the conduct report.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. 3.4","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune: commune assembly by default (may be delegated to the council or a communal commission); canton: Einbürgerungskommission decides on cantonal citizenship; federal: SEM","unit":"text","text":"In Obwalden the commune assembly normally promises communal citizenship and a cantonal Einbürgerungskommission decides on cantonal citizenship.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. 3.5 and 3.6","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"individual":1000,"couple":1600,"child":300,"minor_without_income":800,"police_report":"500 to 1,000 charged separately","federal_adult":100,"federal_couple":150,"federal_minor":50,"commune":"cost-covering, set in communal regulations"},"unit":"CHF","text":"Obwalden charges a cantonal fee of CHF 1,000 for an individual and CHF 1,600 for a couple (CHF 300 per child), plus CHF 500 to 1,000 for the police report, and a federal fee of CHF 100.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. 2","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"Federal rule: no social assistance in the three years before filing or during the procedure, unless repaid in full","unit":"text","text":"Obwalden applies a three-year look-back for social assistance, the same as the federal period.","basis":"Merkblatt Anhang 6","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden, Amt für Justiz: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung ausländischer Personen (Stand Januar 2026)","url":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.ow.ch/publikationen/597","unit":"url","text":"The Obwalden Amt für Justiz publishes its ordinary naturalisation Merkblatt on the canton's publications page.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Obwalden: Merkblatt ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.ow.ch/publikationen/597","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-NW":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Nidwalden requires uninterrupted residence in the canton and in the commune for the five years immediately before filing, with ten years in Switzerland in total.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. I; kBüG NW","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden, Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Stand 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"residence_commune_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"The five uninterrupted years must also be in the commune; the double count for ages 8 to 18 does not apply to the commune period.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. I","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden, Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Stand 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B2","unit":"level","text":"Nidwalden requires oral German at B2, above the federal B1.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. II; kBüG NW","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden, Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Stand 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Brief's starting fact confirmed for NW"},"language_written":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Nidwalden requires written German at B1, above the federal A2 (reading and listening at B2 per the Merkblatt).","basis":"Merkblatt ch. II","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden, Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Stand 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"interview":{"value":"Yes: the commune of residence holds a naturalisation interview (Einbürgerungsgespräch) to check the substantive criteria","unit":"text","text":"In Nidwalden the commune of residence examines the substantive requirements in a naturalisation interview before the council decides.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. VI","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden, Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Stand 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune: municipal council (Gemeinderat) grants or refuses communal citizenship; canton: Justiz- und Sicherheitsdirektion, then Regierungsrat decides cantonal citizenship; federal: SEM","unit":"text","text":"In Nidwalden the municipal council decides on communal citizenship, the Justiz- und Sicherheitsdirektion rules on cantonal citizenship, and the Regierungsrat issues the final cantonal decision for adults and youths.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. VI","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden, Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Stand 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"adult_individual":{"canton":"1,000 to 1,500","commune":"1,400 to 1,600"},"couple":{"canton":"1,300 to 1,800","commune":"2,100 to 2,300"},"minor_alone":{"canton":"800 to 1,300","commune":"1,060 to 1,260"},"minor_with_parent":{"canton":"200 to 400","commune":"340 to 540"}},"unit":"CHF","text":"Nidwalden's fee ordinance lists, for an adult foreigner, a cantonal range of CHF 1,000 to 1,500 and a communal range of CHF 1,400 to 1,600, with higher totals for couples.","basis":"Tarif 1.1.1 GebV NW","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden: Gebührenverordnung GebV, NG 265.51 (20 Feb 2024, Stand 1 Mar 2024)","url":"https://gesetze.nw.ch/api/de/versions/1258/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Tariff as of 1 March 2024; federal fee not stated in the sources read"},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":{"look_back_years":5,"summary":"No economic social assistance or asylum welfare in the five years before filing or during the procedure; claims for repayment must be settled"},"unit":"object","text":"Nidwalden requires no social assistance in the five years before filing, which is stricter than the federal three years.","basis":"Merkblatt ch. II (Verpflichtungen)","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden, Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Stand 1 Jan 2026)","url":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"processing_time":{"value":"A multi-year procedure should be expected, depending on the case","unit":"text","text":"The Nidwalden cantonal page says to expect a procedure of several years, depending on the individual case.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden: Bürgerrecht","url":"https://www.nw.ch/zsadienste/1481","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.nw.ch/zsadienste/1481","unit":"url","text":"The canton of Nidwalden's official citizenship page is run by the Zivilstandsamt und Bürgerrecht.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Kanton Nidwalden: Bürgerrecht","url":"https://www.nw.ch/zsadienste/1481","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-GL":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Glarus requires 5 years of residence in the canton for ordinary naturalisation of foreign nationals.","basis":"Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst Glarus, section Wohnsitz","source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst: Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung von ausländischen Staatsangehörigen (undated; PDF metadata 1 July 2021; hosted on glarus-nord.ch)","url":"https://www.glarus-nord.ch/public/upload/assets/12255/Merkblatt%20zur%20ordentlichen%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf?fp=4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Leaflet is undated and the cantonal law text (KBüG/KBüV on gesetze.gl.ch) could not be read because the portal is JavaScript-only. Confirm against current law before publication."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":3,"unit":"years","text":"Glarus requires the last 3 years of the 5-year cantonal residence to be without interruption in the commune where citizenship is applied for (immediately before application as worded by the leaflet: 'the last 3 years').","basis":"Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst Glarus, section Wohnsitz","source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst: Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.glarus-nord.ch/public/upload/assets/12255/Merkblatt%20zur%20ordentlichen%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf?fp=4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Same caveat as gl-residence-canton (undated leaflet)."},"language_oral":{"value":"federal B1 oral","unit":"level","text":"Glarus sets German oral proficiency at reference level B1, which equals the federal minimum.","basis":"Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung, section Persönliche Eignung","source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst: Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.glarus-nord.ch/public/upload/assets/12255/Merkblatt%20zur%20ordentlichen%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf?fp=4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Undated leaflet."},"language_written":{"value":"federal A2 written","unit":"level","text":"Glarus sets German written proficiency at reference level A2, which equals the federal minimum.","basis":"Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung, section Persönliche Eignung","source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst: Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.glarus-nord.ch/public/upload/assets/12255/Merkblatt%20zur%20ordentlichen%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf?fp=4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Undated leaflet."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No social assistance or unemployment benefits in the past 3 years, unless repaid","unit":"years","text":"Glarus applicants must not have received social assistance or unemployment benefits in the previous 3 years, unless the amounts have been repaid.","basis":"Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung, section Persönliche Eignung","source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst: Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.glarus-nord.ch/public/upload/assets/12255/Merkblatt%20zur%20ordentlichen%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf?fp=4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The leaflet also lists unemployment benefits, which goes beyond the federal wording; undated leaflet."},"knowledge_test":{"value":"No formal test described; applicants are referred to a basic-knowledge course","unit":null,"text":"The Glarus leaflet does not describe a test; it refers applicants to the Kaufmännische Berufsfachschule Glarus for basic knowledge of the political and social order of Switzerland, the canton and the home commune.","basis":"Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus, Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst: Merkblatt zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.glarus-nord.ch/public/upload/assets/12255/Merkblatt%20zur%20ordentlichen%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf?fp=4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Absence of a test elsewhere in Glarus law not verified."},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"commune_max_per_person":2100,"canton_max_per_application":"1000 / 1500","federal_adult":100,"federal_couple":150,"federal_minor":50,"children_included":0},"unit":"CHF","text":"The official Glarus fee table for foreign applicants shows a communal fee of up to CHF 2,100 per person, a cantonal fee of up to CHF 1,000 or CHF 1,500 per application, and federal fees of CHF 100 per adult, CHF 150 per couple and CHF 50 per minor; included children pay nothing.","basis":"gl.ch Bürgerrecht page, fee table","source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus: Bürgerrecht","url":"https://www.gl.ch/verwaltung/sicherheit-und-justiz/justiz/zivilstands-und-buergerrechtsdienst-des-kantons-glarus/buergerrecht.html/1223","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Table layout is ambiguous (the two cantonal figures 1000 / 1500 are not labelled in the extracted text; amounts are maxima based on effort). Search snippets of the cantonal fee schedule (GS I C/12/3) suggested different maxima but that law text was not readable. Verify the table by eye before using."},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.gl.ch/verwaltung/sicherheit-und-justiz/justiz/zivilstands-und-buergerrechtsdienst-des-kantons-glarus/buergerrecht.html/1223","unit":"url","text":"Main official Glarus page on citizenship, run by the Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst.","basis":null,"source":{"name":"Canton of Glarus: Bürgerrecht","url":"https://www.gl.ch/verwaltung/sicherheit-und-justiz/justiz/zivilstands-und-buergerrechtsdienst-des-kantons-glarus/buergerrecht.html/1223","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"This page lists fees only for the ordinary procedure; applicants are told to contact their commune (Glarus Nord, Glarus, Glarus Süd) or my.gl.ch."}},"CH-ZG":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Zug requires at least 5 years of residence in the canton, and these years are never counted double.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Cantonal law text (BGS 121.3) could not be read (JavaScript-only portal)."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":3,"unit":"years","text":"Zug requires uninterrupted residence in the applicant's commune for the last 3 years before filing, so the commune requirement applies immediately before application.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B2","unit":"level","text":"For applications filed after 31 December 2024, Zug requires oral German at level B2; applications filed before that date fall under oral B1.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung (neues Recht)","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/en/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Confirms the brief's B2 oral. Dates read from the page's own headings for old and new law."},"language_written":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"For applications filed after 31 December 2024, Zug requires written German at level B1; earlier applications fall under written A2.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung (neues Recht)","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/en/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Confirms the brief's B1 written."},"knowledge_test":{"value":"No written test; a civics conversation (staatsbürgerliches Gespräch) applies to applicants who did not complete schooling or training in Switzerland","unit":null,"text":"Zug has no written test on the official page; applicants who did not complete compulsory schooling or training in Switzerland are invited to a civics conversation at the Zivilstands- und Bürgerrechtsdienst covering history, civics, and rights and duties, and a three-part self-study course is offered.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/en/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"interview":{"value":"Yes: interview with the Bürgerrat of the commune, after the advance payment","unit":null,"text":"After the cost advance is paid, the Bürgerrat invites the applicant to an interview and grants municipal citizenship if requirements are met.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/en/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Bürgerrat (municipal citizenship); Regierungsrat (cantonal citizenship); SEM (federal permit)","unit":null,"text":"In Zug the Bürgerrat decides on municipal citizenship, the Regierungsrat decides on cantonal citizenship, and the SEM issues the federal naturalisation permit.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":"Cost-covering; no amounts on the page; federal fee CHF 50 to 150","unit":"CHF","text":"Zug charges cost-covering municipal and cantonal fees without stating amounts on the page; the federal SEM fee is CHF 50 to 150 and advance payments are required.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/en/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Fee amounts not given; do not state a figure."},"processing_time":{"value":"About 2 years","unit":"years","text":"The official Zug page states the naturalisation procedure takes about two years and may take longer when demand is high.","basis":"zg.ch Ordentliche Einbürgerung","source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/en/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"No oath or ceremony is mentioned on the page."},"official_page":{"value":"https://zg.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","unit":"url","text":"Main official Zug page on ordinary naturalisation.","basis":null,"source":{"name":"Canton of Zug: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://zg.ch/de/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-FR":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":"3 years in total, of which 2 within the last 5 years before application","unit":"years","text":"Fribourg requires at least 3 years of domicile in the canton, including 2 in the 5 years before filing; second-generation foreigners need 2 years in total, and years in BE, VD, NE, GE, JU and ZH also count.","basis":"LDCF of 14 December 2017; SENa info sheet 'Naturalisation ordinaire (9ss LN)', 1 January 2025","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg, SENa: Naturalisation ordinaire (9ss LN) info sheet","url":"https://www.fr.ch/sites/default/files/2025-02/informations-complementaires--naturalisation-ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The same figures appear on the fr.ch naturalisation page. The requirement for the last 5 years can be relaxed for justified, mainly professional, reasons."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":"Set by each commune, from 1 to 3 years","unit":"years","text":"Fribourg communes set their own residence requirement, ranging from 1 to 3 years.","basis":"fr.ch Naturalisation ordinaire","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Naturalisation ordinaire","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/la-naturalisation/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Whether the commune period is immediately before application is not stated."},"language_oral":{"value":"federal B1 oral / A2 written","unit":"level","text":"Fribourg requires French or German at oral B1 and written A2, equal to the federal minimum.","basis":"SENa info sheet, 1 January 2025","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg, SENa: Naturalisation ordinaire info sheet","url":"https://www.fr.ch/sites/default/files/2025-02/informations-complementaires--naturalisation-ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Written level is the same: A2."},"knowledge_test":{"value":"No named test; knowledge of geography, history and the political system is required; a document 'Informations civiques de base pour la naturalisation 2026' is provided","unit":null,"text":"Fribourg requires elementary knowledge of Swiss, cantonal and local geography, history and politics, and publishes a basic civic information document for 2026 but describes no test format.","basis":"fr.ch Naturalisation ordinaire; SENa info sheet","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Naturalisation ordinaire","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/la-naturalisation/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Number of questions and pass mark not stated."},"interview":{"value":"Yes: held by the cantonal Service as part of the investigation; commune commission and Grand Conseil commission may also invite","unit":null,"text":"The cantonal naturalisation service holds an interview as part of its investigation report, about 12 months after filing on average; the commune commission and the Grand Conseil commission may also invite the applicant.","basis":"fr.ch Naturalisation ordinaire","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Naturalisation ordinaire","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/la-naturalisation/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune (communal citizenship); SEM (federal permit); Grand Conseil (naturalisation decree)","unit":null,"text":"Fribourg naturalisation involves three decisions: the commune grants communal citizenship, the SEM gives the federal permit, and the Grand Conseil adopts the naturalisation decree after its commission's opinion.","basis":"fr.ch Naturalisation ordinaire","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Naturalisation ordinaire","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/la-naturalisation/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"canton_range":"800 to 1500","communes_range":"0 to 1500","federal_adult":100,"federal_couple_or_family":150,"federal_minor":50,"filing_advance":200},"unit":"CHF","text":"Fribourg's cantonal fee ranges from CHF 800 to CHF 1,500 per file and communal fees from CHF 0 to CHF 1,500 under each commune's rules, plus federal fees of CHF 100 per adult, CHF 150 per couple or family and CHF 50 per minor applying alone; the fr.ch naturalisation page lists CHF 200 per file due at filing.","basis":"fr.ch Foire aux questions sur la naturalisation; fr.ch Naturalisation ordinaire","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Foire aux questions sur la naturalisation","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/foire-aux-questions-sur-la-naturalisation","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The CHF 200 filing amount comes from the Naturalisation ordinaire page and is treated as an advance toward the cantonal fee; the exact relationship was not stated. Total range stated on the FAQ: CHF 800 to 3,150."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No social assistance in the 3 years before the application (adjustable for personal circumstances)","unit":"years","text":"Fribourg applicants must not have received social assistance in the 3 years before filing, with personal circumstances taken into account.","basis":"SENa info sheet, 1 January 2025","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg, SENa: Naturalisation ordinaire info sheet","url":"https://www.fr.ch/sites/default/files/2025-02/informations-complementaires--naturalisation-ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equal to the federal period."},"processing_time":{"value":"24 to 36 months for the ordinary procedure, excluding civil registry registration","unit":"months","text":"Fribourg states the ordinary procedure lasts 24 to 36 months, not counting registration in the civil registry.","basis":"fr.ch FAQ","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Foire aux questions sur la naturalisation","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/foire-aux-questions-sur-la-naturalisation","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"ceremony_or_oath":{"value":"Ceremony yes; oath not mentioned","unit":null,"text":"Successful Fribourg applicants are invited to a ceremony where they receive a naturalisation act and an origin act; the page does not mention an oath.","basis":"fr.ch Naturalisation ordinaire","source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Naturalisation ordinaire","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/la-naturalisation/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/la-naturalisation/naturalisation-ordinaire","unit":"url","text":"Main official Fribourg page on ordinary naturalisation (Service de l'état civil et des naturalisations).","basis":null,"source":{"name":"Canton of Fribourg: Naturalisation ordinaire","url":"https://www.fr.ch/vie-quotidienne/permis-de-sejour-et-naturalisation/la-naturalisation/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-SO":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":4,"unit":"years","text":"Solothurn requires 4 years of residence in the canton, alongside 10 years in Switzerland.","basis":"Handbuch EWK Kap. 5.4.1 (Stand Januar 2026); Merkblatt zum revidierten BüG","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Handbuch Einwohnergemeinden, Zivilstandswesen, Bürgerrecht, Heimatschein","url":"https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-agem/pdf/gemeindeorganisation/Handbuch_EWK/2023/05-Zivilstandswesen_-_Buergerrecht_-_Heimatschein-1.0.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The detail 'of which 2 years immediately before application' was not seen on a page I read; only '4 years in the canton' is confirmed."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":2,"unit":"years","text":"Solothurn requires at least 2 years of settlement in the commune.","basis":"Handbuch EWK Kap. 5.4.1 (Stand Januar 2026)","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Handbuch Einwohnergemeinden, Zivilstandswesen, Bürgerrecht, Heimatschein","url":"https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-agem/pdf/gemeindeorganisation/Handbuch_EWK/2023/05-Zivilstandswesen_-_Buergerrecht_-_Heimatschein-1.0.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Whether the 2 years run immediately before application is not stated."},"language_oral":{"value":"B2","unit":"level","text":"Solothurn requires German at oral level B2, above the federal B1 oral.","basis":"AGEM Verfahrens- und Aktenablauf (Ausgabe Januar 2026); Checkliste ordentliche Einbürgerung (Stand 01.01.2026)","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Verfahrens- und Aktenablauf bei ordentlichen Einbürgerungen","url":"https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-agem/pdf/Buergerrecht/einb_aktenablauf_2025.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Contradicts the older 2018 cantonal leaflet (Merkblatt_aenderungen.pdf) that gives B1 oral; the 2026 documents prevail. Applies from age 12."},"language_written":{"value":"federal A2 written","unit":"level","text":"Solothurn requires written German at level A2, equal to the federal minimum.","basis":"AGEM Checkliste ordentliche Einbürgerung (Stand 01.01.2026)","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Checkliste ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-agem/pdf/Buergerrecht/Checkliste_2026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":"Neubürgerkurs of 20 lessons, compulsory from age 18, ending with an exam that must be passed; dispensation possible","unit":"lessons","text":"Solothurn requires a 20-lesson Neubürgerkurs, compulsory from age 18, completed with a passed exam; a dispensation can be requested from the Amt für Gemeinden.","basis":"§ 15bis kantonales Bürgerrechtsgesetz; Prüfungsreglement ab 01.01.2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Neubürgerkurse","url":"https://so.ch/verwaltung/volkswirtschaftsdepartement/amt-fuer-gemeinden/buergerrecht/neubuergerkurse/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Number of exam questions and pass mark are in the Prüfungsreglement PDF, which I did not read."},"interview":{"value":"Yes: personal interview conducted by the Oberamt, report sent to the commune within 3 months","unit":null,"text":"The Oberamt invites applicants to a personal interview and prepares the survey report, sent to the commune within 3 months.","basis":"AGEM Verfahrens- und Aktenablauf, Januar 2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Verfahrens- und Aktenablauf bei ordentlichen Einbürgerungen","url":"https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-agem/pdf/Buergerrecht/einb_aktenablauf_2025.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune assembly or commune council (communal citizenship); Fachkommission Bürgerrecht (provisional cantonal assurance); SEM; Regierungsrat (final cantonal decision)","unit":null,"text":"In Solothurn the Bürger- or Einheitsgemeinde assembly or council assures communal citizenship, the Fachkommission Bürgerrecht gives a provisional cantonal assurance, the SEM grants the federal permit and the Regierungsrat takes the final decision.","basis":"AGEM Verfahrens- und Aktenablauf, Januar 2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Verfahrens- und Aktenablauf bei ordentlichen Einbürgerungen","url":"https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-agem/pdf/Buergerrecht/einb_aktenablauf_2025.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No social assistance in the 3 years before filing or during the procedure, unless fully repaid","unit":"years","text":"A 2018 cantonal leaflet states that applicants who received social assistance in the 3 years before filing or during the procedure cannot be naturalised unless the aid was repaid in full.","basis":"AGEM Merkblatt zum revidierten BüG (changes from 1 January 2018)","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn, Amt für Gemeinden: Merkblatt zum revidierten Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht","url":"https://so.ch/fileadmin/internet/vwd/vwd-agem/pdf/Buergerrecht/Merkblatt_aenderungen.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Source dates from 2018; its language levels are superseded. Equal to the federal period."},"processing_time":{"value":"About 2 years from filing","unit":"years","text":"Solothurn states experience shows the procedure takes about 2 years from filing of the application.","basis":"so.ch Einbürgerung beantragen","source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn: Einbürgerung beantragen","url":"https://so.ch/services/einbuergerung-beantragen/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://so.ch/services/einbuergerung-beantragen/","unit":"url","text":"Main official Solothurn page for naturalisation applications.","basis":null,"source":{"name":"Canton of Solothurn: Einbürgerung beantragen","url":"https://so.ch/services/einbuergerung-beantragen/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-BS":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":"No separate cantonal period; 2 years in the commune within the canton","unit":"years","text":"Basel-Stadt requires 10 years in Switzerland and 2 years of residence in the respective commune (Basel, Riehen or Bettingen) within the canton.","basis":"bs.ch Schritt für Schritt: der Weg zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung; Leporello 2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Schritt für Schritt, der Weg zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.bs.ch/themen/persoenliches-und-wohnen/einbuergerungen/schritt-fuer-schritt-der-weg-zur-ordentlichen-einbuergerung-0","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The bs.ch page says commune residence is 'immediately before registration'."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":2,"unit":"years","text":"Basel-Stadt requires 2 years of residence in the current commune, immediately before registration.","basis":"bs.ch Schritt für Schritt","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Schritt für Schritt, der Weg zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.bs.ch/themen/persoenliches-und-wohnen/einbuergerungen/schritt-fuer-schritt-der-weg-zur-ordentlichen-einbuergerung-0","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Confirms the brief."},"language_oral":{"value":"federal B1 oral / A2 written","unit":"level","text":"Basel-Stadt requires oral German at B1 and written German at A2, equal to the federal minimum.","basis":"bs.ch Schritt für Schritt; Leporello 2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Leporello, der Weg zum Schweizer Pass 2026","url":"https://media.bs.ch/original_file/7feb2480dba19eb696fc1cea9c186074ed526f6e/leporello-der-weg-zum-schweizer-pass-2026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":"No formal knowledge test described; the Bürgergemeinde interview 'has a test character'","unit":null,"text":"Basel-Stadt describes no citizenship test; the interview with the Bürgergemeinde's Einbürgerungskommission is described as having a test character, and voluntary preparation courses are offered.","basis":"Bürgergemeinde Basel: Einbürgerungen für Ausländerinnen und Ausländer","source":{"name":"Bürgergemeinde der Stadt Basel: Die Schweizer Staatsangehörigkeit erlangen","url":"https://bgbasel.ch/de/einbuergerungen/auslaenderinnen-auslaender.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Municipal (Basel city) page, not the cantonal one."},"interview":{"value":"Yes: fact-finding interview by the Migrationsamt, then interview by the Bürgergemeinde's Einbürgerungskommission","unit":null,"text":"The Migrationsamt conducts a fact-finding interview, and the Bürgergemeinde of the place of residence then invites the applicant to a naturalisation interview.","basis":"bs.ch Schritt für Schritt; Leporello 2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Leporello, der Weg zum Schweizer Pass 2026","url":"https://media.bs.ch/original_file/7feb2480dba19eb696fc1cea9c186074ed526f6e/leporello-der-weg-zum-schweizer-pass-2026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Bürgergemeinde (Basel, Riehen or Bettingen); SEM (federal permit); Regierungsrat (cantonal citizenship)","unit":null,"text":"Naturalisation in Basel-Stadt needs the positive decision of the Bürgergemeinde, the federal permit from the SEM, and the grant of cantonal citizenship by the Regierungsrat.","basis":"Leporello 2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Leporello, der Weg zum Schweizer Pass 2026","url":"https://media.bs.ch/original_file/7feb2480dba19eb696fc1cea9c186074ed526f6e/leporello-der-weg-zum-schweizer-pass-2026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"cantonal":0,"from":"2026-07-01","communal_basel_single_adult_25plus":800,"communal_basel_couple_or_single_parent":950,"communal_riehen_25plus":1700,"communal_bettingen_25plus":1400,"communal_under_25":0,"federal_minor":50,"federal_adult":100,"federal_couple":150,"total_single_adult_25plus_basel":900,"total_single_adult_25plus_riehen":1800,"total_single_adult_25plus_bettingen":1500},"unit":"CHF","text":"From 1 July 2026 Basel-Stadt charges no cantonal fee; communal fees for a single adult aged 25 or over are CHF 800 in Basel, CHF 1,700 in Riehen and CHF 1,400 in Bettingen (CHF 950 for Basel couples), plus federal fees of CHF 100 per adult, CHF 150 per couple and CHF 50 per minor; people under 25 and recipients of EL, premium subsidies or recognised social assistance pay only the federal fee.","basis":"Leporello 2026; bs.ch press release 2026","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Einbürgerungen werden digital und günstiger (press release) and Leporello 2026","url":"https://www.bs.ch/medienmitteilungen/jsd/2026-einbuergerungen-werden-digital-und-guenstiger","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Confirms the brief (cantonal fee 0 from 1 July 2026). Totals match the press release (CHF 900, 1,800, 1,500 for single adults over 25). The Bürgergemeinde Basel page states CHF 1,100 for single parents versus the leporello's CHF 950 communal fee plus CHF 100; this single-parent total is withheld."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No social assistance in the last 3 years unless fully repaid; EL and premium subsidies do not count","unit":"years","text":"Basel-Stadt applicants must not have received social assistance in the last 3 years unless it was fully repaid; supplementary benefits (EL) and premium subsidies (IPV) do not count as social assistance.","basis":"bs.ch Schritt für Schritt","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Schritt für Schritt, der Weg zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.bs.ch/themen/persoenliches-und-wohnen/einbuergerungen/schritt-fuer-schritt-der-weg-zur-ordentlichen-einbuergerung-0","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equal to the federal period."},"processing_time":{"value":"Usually 1.5 to 2 years","unit":"years","text":"Basel-Stadt states the whole naturalisation procedure usually lasts one and a half to two years.","basis":"Leporello 2026; bs.ch Schritt für Schritt","source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Leporello, der Weg zum Schweizer Pass 2026","url":"https://media.bs.ch/original_file/7feb2480dba19eb696fc1cea9c186074ed526f6e/leporello-der-weg-zum-schweizer-pass-2026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"ceremony_or_oath":{"value":"Small celebration with Bürgerbrief (Basel city); no oath mentioned","unit":null,"text":"The Bürgergemeinde Basel invites successful applicants to a small celebration and hands over the Bürgerbrief; no oath is mentioned on the pages read.","basis":"Bürgergemeinde Basel page","source":{"name":"Bürgergemeinde der Stadt Basel: Die Schweizer Staatsangehörigkeit erlangen","url":"https://bgbasel.ch/de/einbuergerungen/auslaenderinnen-auslaender.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Municipal page for the city of Basel."},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.bs.ch/themen/persoenliches-und-wohnen/einbuergerungen/schritt-fuer-schritt-der-weg-zur-ordentlichen-einbuergerung-0","unit":"url","text":"Main official Basel-Stadt page on ordinary naturalisation.","basis":null,"source":{"name":"Canton of Basel-Stadt: Schritt für Schritt, der Weg zur ordentlichen Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.bs.ch/themen/persoenliches-und-wohnen/einbuergerungen/schritt-fuer-schritt-der-weg-zur-ordentlichen-einbuergerung-0","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-BL":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Basel-Landschaft requires settlement in the canton for 5 years before filing the application.","basis":"§ 8(1) BüG BL (Landrat decision of 19 April 2018)","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: Bürgerrechtsgesetz Basel-Landschaft (BüG BL), final vote text, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"This is the 2018 final-vote text; the consolidated current law (SGS 110 on bl.clex.ch) could not be read, and later amendments are possible. The brief did not list BL starting facts."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":"Set by each commune within a legal range of 2 to 5 years","unit":"years","text":"Basel-Landschaft law forbids communes from requiring less than 2 or more than 5 years of settlement in the commune.","basis":"§ 8(4) BüG BL","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: BüG BL, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Same caveat on version. Spouses applying together: 3 years in canton suffice for the second spouse (§ 8(2))."},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Basel-Landschaft requires oral German at least at reference level B1, equal to the federal minimum.","basis":"§ 10(1) BüG BL","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: BüG BL, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"2018 text."},"language_written":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Basel-Landschaft requires written German at least at reference level B1, above the federal A2 written.","basis":"§ 10(1) BüG BL","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: BüG BL, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"2018 text."},"knowledge_test":{"value":"No formal test in the law; basic knowledge of geography, history, politics and society of Switzerland, canton and commune is required","unit":null,"text":"The law requires basic knowledge of the geographical, historical, political and social conditions of Switzerland, the canton and the commune, but prescribes no test format.","basis":"§ 9(1)(c) BüG BL","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: BüG BL, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Municipal rules may add examination; not checked."},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune assembly (or commune council if delegated) for communal citizenship; Landrat for cantonal citizenship of foreign nationals","unit":null,"text":"In Basel-Landschaft the Bürger- or Einwohnergemeindeversammlung grants communal citizenship (this may be delegated to the council), and the Landrat grants cantonal citizenship to foreign nationals, within 10 weeks of the Regierungsrat's motion.","basis":"§§ 3, 18(2), 19 BüG BL","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: BüG BL, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"2018 text."},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"commune_max":2000,"canton_max":2000,"extra_for_exceptionally_complex_cases_max":1000,"charged_on_refusal_or_withdrawal":true,"cost_advance_possible":true,"indexed_to_cpi":true},"unit":"CHF","text":"Basel-Landschaft law sets maximum fees of CHF 2,000 each for the commune and for the canton, raisable by up to CHF 1,000 in exceptionally complex cases, payable also on refusal or withdrawal, with cost advances allowed; amounts are indexed to consumer prices.","basis":"§§ 31 to 33 BüG BL","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: BüG BL, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"These are statutory maxima as of 2018, not actual charged fees; indexation since 2018 means current maxima may differ. A news item (not used) reported a cantonal fee cut from CHF 1,550 to 1,300 in 2024."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No social assistance in the 5 years immediately before filing or during the procedure, unless fully repaid","unit":"years","text":"Under Basel-Landschaft law, anyone who received social assistance in the 5 years immediately before filing or during the procedure does not meet the participation-in-economic-life requirement unless the aid was fully repaid, a stricter period than the federal 3 years.","basis":"§ 14 BüG BL","source":{"name":"Landrat Basel-Landschaft: BüG BL, LRV 2017-384","url":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"2018 text; verify against the consolidated law (SGS 110) in case of amendment."}},"CH-SH":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":2,"unit":"years","text":"An applicant must show at least two years of uninterrupted residence in the municipality concerned when applying.","basis":"Art. 7(1) BRG SH","source":{"name":"Canton Schaffhausen, Bürgerrechtsgesetz 141.100 (status 1 Jan 2023)","url":"https://rechtsbuch.sh.ch/api/de/versions/1106/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Law text is status 1 Jan 2023; no separate cantonal residence period is stated in the law."},"language_oral":{"value":"federal B1 oral / A2 written","unit":"level","text":"The law requires sufficient language skills to communicate with authorities and fellow citizens but names no cantonal CEFR level above the federal one.","basis":"Art. 6(2)(e) BRG SH","source":{"name":"Canton Schaffhausen, Bürgerrechtsgesetz 141.100 (status 1 Jan 2023)","url":"https://rechtsbuch.sh.ch/api/de/versions/1106/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"No numeric level in the cantonal law; federal level assumed to apply."},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune body set by communal constitution (council, assembly or parliament) grants communal citizenship; Regierungsrat grants cantonal citizenship","unit":"text","text":"In the ordinary procedure the commune decides on communal citizenship through the body its constitution names, and the cantonal government grants cantonal citizenship.","basis":"Art. 10 BRG SH","source":{"name":"Canton Schaffhausen, Bürgerrechtsgesetz 141.100 (status 1 Jan 2023)","url":"https://rechtsbuch.sh.ch/api/de/versions/1106/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"canton_ordinary":850,"commune_ordinary":1150,"canton_simplified_foreign":400,"commune_simplified_foreign":600},"unit":"CHF","text":"Ordinary procedure fee is CHF 850 for the canton and CHF 1,150 for the commune; the simplified procedure for foreign nationals is CHF 400 canton and CHF 600 commune. Couples and included children pay one fee, and fees can be waived in social hardship.","basis":"Art. 15-17 BRG SH","source":{"name":"Canton Schaffhausen, Bürgerrechtsgesetz 141.100 (status 1 Jan 2023)","url":"https://rechtsbuch.sh.ch/api/de/versions/1106/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"procedures":{"value":"ordinary; simplified for foreign nationals with eight years of compulsory schooling in Switzerland","unit":"text","text":"A simplified procedure applies to foreign nationals who completed eight years of compulsory schooling in Switzerland and lived mainly there, subject to cantonal consent.","basis":"Art. 13 BRG SH","source":{"name":"Canton Schaffhausen, Bürgerrechtsgesetz 141.100 (status 1 Jan 2023)","url":"https://rechtsbuch.sh.ch/api/de/versions/1106/pdf_file","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://sh.ch/CMS/Webseite/Kanton-Schaffhausen/Beh-rde/Verwaltung/Volkswirtschaftsdepartement/Amt-f-r-Justiz-und-Gemeinden/Einb-rgerung-1754021-DE.html","unit":"url","text":"Official cantonal page for ordinary naturalisation (Amt für Justiz und Gemeinden).","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Schaffhausen, Amt für Justiz und Gemeinden: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://sh.ch/CMS/Webseite/Kanton-Schaffhausen/Beh-rde/Verwaltung/Volkswirtschaftsdepartement/Amt-f-r-Justiz-und-Gemeinden/Einb-rgerung-1754021-DE.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Page body text was not readable by the fetch tool; cited as the official entry point only."}},"CH-AR":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":3,"unit":"years","text":"Cantonal law requires three years of uninterrupted residence in the same municipality; the official page lists this alongside the federal ten years in Switzerland.","basis":"bGS 121.1; Art. 9 BüG","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Ordentliche Einbürgerung (web page)","url":"https://ar.ch/verwaltung/departement-inneres-und-sicherheit/amt-fuer-inneres/abteilung-buergerrecht-und-zivilstand/einbuergerungen/ordentliche-einbuergerung/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B1 (CEFR) in German","unit":"level","text":"Appenzell Ausserrhoden asks for a German certificate at B1, shown for oral and written skills, with exemptions for German native speakers and those with qualifying German-language schooling or training.","basis":"Kant. Sprachnachweis","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Ordentliche Einbürgerung (web page)","url":"https://ar.ch/verwaltung/departement-inneres-und-sicherheit/amt-fuer-inneres/abteilung-buergerrecht-und-zivilstand/einbuergerungen/ordentliche-einbuergerung/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Official Sprachnachweis leaflet (ar.ch Sprachnachweis.pdf) also says B1; its exemption is six years of schooling in the German-speaking area, the web page says five years. Written level also stated as B1, above the federal A2."},"language_written":{"value":"B1 (CEFR) in German","unit":"level","text":"The web page states B1 proof for written as well as oral German, which is above the federal written A2.","basis":"Kant. Sprachnachweis","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Ordentliche Einbürgerung (web page)","url":"https://ar.ch/verwaltung/departement-inneres-und-sicherheit/amt-fuer-inneres/abteilung-buergerrecht-und-zivilstand/einbuergerungen/ordentliche-einbuergerung/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Confirm with Amt für Inneres: 2018 leaflet does not repeat the level."},"knowledge_test":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"The applicant sits a civics test (Staatskundetest) at the cantonal Amt für Inneres in Trogen before filing the application.","basis":"Procedure table, Merkblatt 2018","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.AR.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Departement_Inneres_Sicherheit/Amt_fuer_Inneres/Buergerrecht/OE_Merkblatt_Odentliche_Einbuergerung_Januar_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Number of questions, pass mark and practice material not read."},"interview":{"value":"first meeting (Erstgespräch) at the cantonal office; formal interview not described","unit":"text","text":"The cantonal office holds a first meeting to explain the procedure and hand out documents; a formal naturalisation interview is not described on the page.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Ordentliche Einbürgerung (web page)","url":"https://ar.ch/verwaltung/departement-inneres-und-sicherheit/amt-fuer-inneres/abteilung-buergerrecht-und-zivilstand/einbuergerungen/ordentliche-einbuergerung/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Do not state as 'no interview'."},"decision_body":{"value":"Gemeinderat grants communal citizenship; Regierungsrat grants Landrecht","unit":"text","text":"The municipal council grants communal citizenship, the federal SEM issues its permit, and the cantonal government then grants the Landrecht.","basis":"Merkblatt 2018 procedure table","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.AR.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Departement_Inneres_Sicherheit/Amt_fuer_Inneres/Buergerrecht/OE_Merkblatt_Odentliche_Einbuergerung_Januar_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"adult":1000,"minor":500,"couple":1500,"per_included_child":150,"commune_max":2000,"federal_adult":100},"unit":"CHF","text":"Cantonal fee for foreign nationals is usually CHF 1,000 for an adult, CHF 500 for a minor, CHF 1,500 for a couple plus CHF 150 per included child; communes may charge up to CHF 2,000 per application.","basis":"Merkblatt 2018; bGS 153.2","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.AR.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Departement_Inneres_Sicherheit/Amt_fuer_Inneres/Buergerrecht/OE_Merkblatt_Odentliche_Einbuergerung_Januar_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Figures date from 1 Jan 2018 leaflet; current amounts not confirmed."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"no social assistance received in the last 5 years","unit":"years","text":"The official page lists that no social assistance may have been received in the last five years.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Ordentliche Einbürgerung (web page)","url":"https://ar.ch/verwaltung/departement-inneres-und-sicherheit/amt-fuer-inneres/abteilung-buergerrecht-und-zivilstand/einbuergerungen/ordentliche-einbuergerung/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"processing_time":{"value":"usually 1.5 years","unit":"years","text":"The leaflet states that the procedure usually takes about one and a half years.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (1 Jan 2018)","url":"https://www.AR.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Departement_Inneres_Sicherheit/Amt_fuer_Inneres/Buergerrecht/OE_Merkblatt_Odentliche_Einbuergerung_Januar_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"From 2018 leaflet."},"official_page":{"value":"https://ar.ch/verwaltung/departement-inneres-und-sicherheit/amt-fuer-inneres/abteilung-buergerrecht-und-zivilstand/einbuergerungen/ordentliche-einbuergerung/","unit":"url","text":"Official page for ordinary naturalisation, Appenzell Ausserrhoden.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Amt für Inneres: Ordentliche Einbürgerung (web page)","url":"https://ar.ch/verwaltung/departement-inneres-und-sicherheit/amt-fuer-inneres/abteilung-buergerrecht-und-zivilstand/einbuergerungen/ordentliche-einbuergerung/","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-AI":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"The official page requires five years of residence in the canton, at least two of them immediately and without interruption before naturalisation.","basis":"VLG (GS 141.010)","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden: Einbürgerung (official page)","url":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B1 oral (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"The canton's guide for applicants states oral German at least B1 and written A2, and expects understanding of the Innerrhoder dialect.","basis":"Handreichung April 2026","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden, Kommission für Recht und Sicherheit: Handreichung (April 2026)","url":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung/publikationen/handreichung-2025.pdf/@@download/file/Handreichung%20April%202026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Same as federal levels; dialect expectation is a cantonal addition."},"language_written":{"value":"A2 (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"Written German at least A2 is stated in the canton's guide.","basis":"Handreichung April 2026","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden, Kommission für Recht und Sicherheit: Handreichung (April 2026)","url":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung/publikationen/handreichung-2025.pdf/@@download/file/Handreichung%20April%202026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"interview":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"A commission of the Grand Council hears applicants in a naturalisation interview.","basis":"Handreichung April 2026","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden, Kommission für Recht und Sicherheit: Handreichung (April 2026)","url":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung/publikationen/handreichung-2025.pdf/@@download/file/Handreichung%20April%202026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Interview content depends on civic knowledge; the guide is the study material."},"decision_body":{"value":"Commission of the Grand Council hears; Grand Council decides (inner districts)","unit":"text","text":"The Kommission für Recht und Sicherheit conducts the hearings on behalf of the Grand Council, which decides on admission.","basis":"Handreichung April 2026","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden, Kommission für Recht und Sicherheit: Handreichung (April 2026)","url":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung/publikationen/handreichung-2025.pdf/@@download/file/Handreichung%20April%202026.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Oberegg district decides communal citizenship through its own body: not verified today."},"processing_time":{"value":"about 1.5 years","unit":"years","text":"The official page states the procedure lasts about 1.5 years.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden: Einbürgerung (official page)","url":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung","unit":"url","text":"Official naturalisation page, Appenzell Innerrhoden.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Appenzell Innerrhoden: Einbürgerung (official page)","url":"https://www.ai.ch/themen/auslaender/einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-SG":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"The last five years must be spent without interruption in the canton and in the political commune; the canton does not double-count these years.","basis":"BRG sGS 121.1; Merkblatt","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen, Amt für Gemeinden und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (6 Nov 2023)","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung/_jcr_content/Par/sgch_accordion_list/AccordionListPar/sgch_accordion/AccordionPar/sgch_downloadlist/DownloadListPar/sgch_download.ocFile/Merkblatt%20Ordentliche%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Leaflet is dated 6 Nov 2023."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Five uninterrupted years in the political commune of residence, as above.","basis":"BRG sGS 121.1; Merkblatt","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen, Amt für Gemeinden und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (6 Nov 2023)","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung/_jcr_content/Par/sgch_accordion_list/AccordionListPar/sgch_accordion/AccordionPar/sgch_downloadlist/DownloadListPar/sgch_download.ocFile/Merkblatt%20Ordentliche%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Leaflet is dated 6 Nov 2023."},"language_oral":{"value":"B1 (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"The canton requires German at least B1, oral and written, above the federal written A2.","basis":"Merkblatt 6 Nov 2023","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen, Amt für Gemeinden und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (6 Nov 2023)","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung/_jcr_content/Par/sgch_accordion_list/AccordionListPar/sgch_accordion/AccordionPar/sgch_downloadlist/DownloadListPar/sgch_download.ocFile/Merkblatt%20Ordentliche%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Written also B1 (above federal A2)."},"language_written":{"value":"B1 (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"German at least B1 for written skills as well as oral.","basis":"Merkblatt 6 Nov 2023","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen, Amt für Gemeinden und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (6 Nov 2023)","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung/_jcr_content/Par/sgch_accordion_list/AccordionListPar/sgch_accordion/AccordionPar/sgch_downloadlist/DownloadListPar/sgch_download.ocFile/Merkblatt%20Ordentliche%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Einbürgerungsrat (communal) grants communal citizenship; cantonal government grants cantonal citizenship","unit":"text","text":"The communal Einbürgerungsrat decides on communal citizenship; the cantonal government grants cantonal citizenship once the SEM permit exists.","basis":"Merkblatt 6 Nov 2023","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen, Amt für Gemeinden und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (6 Nov 2023)","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung/_jcr_content/Par/sgch_accordion_list/AccordionListPar/sgch_accordion/AccordionPar/sgch_downloadlist/DownloadListPar/sgch_download.ocFile/Merkblatt%20Ordentliche%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"canton_max":2000,"federal_min":50,"federal_max":150},"unit":"CHF","text":"The canton may charge up to CHF 2,000 for cantonal citizenship, and the federal permit costs CHF 50 to 150; fees follow the cost-coverage principle and communes also charge.","basis":"Merkblatt 6 Nov 2023","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen, Amt für Gemeinden und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (6 Nov 2023)","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung/_jcr_content/Par/sgch_accordion_list/AccordionListPar/sgch_accordion/AccordionPar/sgch_downloadlist/DownloadListPar/sgch_download.ocFile/Merkblatt%20Ordentliche%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Communal fees not stated in the leaflet."},"knowledge_standard":{"value":"basic geographical, historical, political and social knowledge","unit":"text","text":"Applicants must have basic knowledge of geography, history, politics and society of Switzerland and the locality.","basis":"Merkblatt 6 Nov 2023","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen, Amt für Gemeinden und Bürgerrecht: Merkblatt Ordentliche Einbürgerung (6 Nov 2023)","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung/_jcr_content/Par/sgch_accordion_list/AccordionListPar/sgch_accordion/AccordionPar/sgch_downloadlist/DownloadListPar/sgch_download.ocFile/Merkblatt%20Ordentliche%20Einb%C3%BCrgerung.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"No standardised test described in the leaflet."},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung.html","unit":"url","text":"Official cantonal naturalisation page, St.Gallen.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton St.Gallen: Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.sg.ch/recht/buergerrecht-zivilstand/einbuergerung.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-GR":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"The municipal level requires five years of residence, two of them immediately before filing (federal level: ten years, three in the last five).","basis":"KBüG GR","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B1 oral (cantonal language)","unit":"level","text":"Oral language skills at CEFR B1 in a cantonal language are required.","basis":"KBüG GR","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_written":{"value":"A2 written (cantonal language)","unit":"level","text":"Written skills at CEFR A2 are required, same as federal.","basis":"KBüG GR","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":"may be tested in writing or at the interview","unit":"text","text":"Basic knowledge of Swiss, cantonal and communal geography, history, politics and society may be tested in writing or in the interview.","basis":"KBüG GR","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"No format, question number or pass mark stated."},"interview":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"A naturalisation interview is held in every case.","basis":"KBüG GR","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Bürgergemeinde or political commune grants communal citizenship; Department of Justice, Security and Health grants cantonal citizenship","unit":"text","text":"The citizens' community or political commune decides communal citizenship; the cantonal department decides cantonal citizenship; the AFM requests the federal permit.","basis":"KBüG GR","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"social assistance received in the past ten years must be repaid","unit":"years","text":"Applicants must have repaid social assistance received in the past ten years.","basis":"KBüG GR","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","unit":"url","text":"Official page for ordinary naturalisation of foreign nationals, Graubünden.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Graubünden, Amt für Migration und Zivilrecht: Ordentliche Einbürgerung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern","url":"https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/djsg/afm/dienstleistungen/buergerrecht/Seiten/OrdentlicheEinbuergerungAuslaender.aspx","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-AG":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Five years of residence in the canton are required.","basis":"§ 5 KBüG AG","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"residence_commune_years":{"value":3,"unit":"years","text":"At least three years of uninterrupted residence in the commune before filing.","basis":"§ 5 KBüG AG","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B1 (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"German oral skills at least B1 and written at least A2.","basis":"Merkblatt 17.12.2024","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Same as federal levels."},"language_written":{"value":"A2 (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"Written German at least A2.","basis":"Merkblatt 17.12.2024","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"A civics test run by the communes must be passed before filing, from age 16; it costs CHF 50, can be repeated after a two-month wait, and practice material is at einbuergerungstest-aargau.ch.","basis":"Merkblatt 17.12.2024","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Practice URL: http://www.einbuergerungstest-aargau.ch/ ; question count and pass mark not read."},"interview":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"The Gemeinderat conducts a naturalisation interview with the applicants.","basis":"Merkblatt 17.12.2024","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune (assembly, Einwohnerrat or Gemeinderat) grants communal citizenship; Grand Council naturalisation commission decides for the canton","unit":"text","text":"The competent communal body depends on the commune; the Grand Council's naturalisation commission decides finally at cantonal level unless the Grand Council itself decides.","basis":"Merkblatt 17.12.2024","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"canton_adult":750,"canton_child_10plus":375,"commune_adult":1500,"commune_child_10plus":750,"federal_single":100,"federal_couple":150,"federal_minor":50,"test":50},"unit":"CHF","text":"Canton charges CHF 750 per adult and CHF 375 per included child aged 10 or over; the commune charges CHF 1,500 and CHF 750; children under 10 pay no cantonal or communal fee; fees may double for extraordinary effort.","basis":"Merkblatt 17.12.2024 s. 4","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"processing_time":{"value":"canton about 12 months; commune varies","unit":"months","text":"The cantonal stage normally takes about 12 months; communal time is given by the commune. The web page adds about 10 months for canton and federal review together.","basis":"Merkblatt 17.12.2024; ag.ch page","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau, Departement Volkswirtschaft und Inneres: Ordentliches Einbürgerungsverfahren, Merkblatt (17 Dec 2024)","url":"https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton-aargau/dvi/dokumente/arp/buergerrecht-und-personenstand/einbuergerungen/merkblatt.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Web page and leaflet differ (10 vs 12 months); both cited."},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.ag.ch/de/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","unit":"url","text":"Official page for ordinary naturalisation, Aargau.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Aargau: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://www.ag.ch/de/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-TG":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Ten years in Switzerland including five in the canton of Thurgau are required.","basis":"KBüG TG","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"residence_commune_years":{"value":3,"unit":"years","text":"The last three years must be uninterrupted in the commune.","basis":"KBüG TG","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B2 (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"Oral German must reach B2, above the federal B1.","basis":"KBüG TG; § 3 KBüV","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Confirmed on official page; B2 oral is above federal level."},"language_written":{"value":"B1 (CEFR), German","unit":"level","text":"Written German must reach B1, above the federal A2.","basis":"KBüG TG; § 3 KBüV","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"knowledge_test":{"value":"by test or interview, set by the commune","unit":"text","text":"The commune assesses knowledge of local, cantonal and Swiss conditions by a test or in an interview.","basis":"§ 5 KBüV","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"No question count or pass mark given."},"interview":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"A conversation with the applicant is as a rule part of the communal inquiries.","basis":"KBüG TG","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"decision_body":{"value":"communal body; Grand Council grants cantonal citizenship","unit":"text","text":"The communal organ decides on communal citizenship; the Grosser Rat grants cantonal citizenship, which ends the procedure.","basis":"KBüG TG","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"adult":800,"minor":400,"withdrawn_before_federal_permit":300,"federal_adult":100},"unit":"CHF","text":"The canton charges CHF 800 per person over 18 and CHF 400 under 18; CHF 300 if withdrawn before the federal permit; minors naturalised with a parent pay none. Communal fees vary.","basis":"§ 19 KBüV","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, KBüV RB 141.11 (22 May 2018)","url":"https://lexfind.ch/tolv/201923/de","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Same figures on the official page; KBüV copy is the 1 Jan 2018 version."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"certificate of any social assistance in the past five years","unit":"years","text":"A social authority certificate on any social assistance in the last five years is required, and benefits in that period defeat the economic-participation test unless repaid.","basis":"§ 4(3) and § 8 KBüV","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, KBüV RB 141.11 (22 May 2018)","url":"https://lexfind.ch/tolv/201923/de","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"processing_time":{"value":"about 2.5 years overall; cantonal preliminary check at least 6 months","unit":"years","text":"The page states the whole procedure generally takes about two and a half years.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","unit":"url","text":"Official page for ordinary naturalisation, Thurgau.","basis":"n/a","source":{"name":"Canton Thurgau, Amt für Handelsregister und Zivilstandswesen: Ordentliche Einbürgerung","url":"https://hz.tg.ch/buergerrecht/einbuergerung-von-auslaendern/ordentliche-einbuergerung.html/9059","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-TI":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Ticino may grant cantonal citizenship to a foreign national who has resided in the canton for five years and meets the federal conditions.","basis":"Art. 12(1)(a) LCCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Legge sulla cittadinanza ticinese e sull'attinenza comunale (LCCit), consolidated text","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Three years for an applicant in a registered partnership with a Swiss partner (Art. 12(2)). Not stated whether the five years must immediately precede the application."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":{"total":3,"immediately_before_application":2},"unit":"years","text":"Communal citizenship may be granted by the commune where the applicant has resided for three years, the last two uninterrupted before the application.","basis":"Art. 13 LCCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Legge sulla cittadinanza ticinese e sull'attinenza comunale (LCCit), consolidated text","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"federal B1 oral / A2 written (Italian)","unit":"level","text":"Ticino requires Italian and refers to the federal rules on language skills, with no higher cantonal level read.","basis":"Art. 16(2) LCCit; Art. 8-9 RLCCit referring to Art. 6(1) OCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Legge sulla cittadinanza ticinese e sull'attinenza comunale (LCCit), consolidated text","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Cantonal texts refer to the federal ordinance; the levels themselves are stated in federal law."},"knowledge_test":{"value":true,"unit":null,"text":"The commune must verify that the applicant passed an exam on geographical, historical, political and social knowledge of Switzerland and Ticino at an accredited Ticino school, with exemptions set in the regulation.","basis":"Art. 16(3)-(4) LCCit; Art. 10 RLCCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Legge sulla cittadinanza ticinese e sull'attinenza comunale (LCCit), consolidated text","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Number of questions and pass mark not read. Result is a pass/fail overall judgement; a failed test may be retaken after at least 6 months (Art. 10(4) RLCCit)."},"decision_body":{"value":"Communal legislature decides communal citizenship (Art. 17); the Gran Consiglio decides cantonal citizenship (Art. 19)","unit":"text","text":"Ticino naturalisation is decided first by the communal legislative body, then by the cantonal parliament (Gran Consiglio) once the federal authorisation is issued.","basis":"Art. 17, 19 LCCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Legge sulla cittadinanza ticinese e sull'attinenza comunale (LCCit), consolidated text","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"adult_individual_foreign":800,"minor_foreign_child_included":100,"confederate":500,"communal":"set by municipal ordinance, cost-covering"},"unit":"CHF","text":"The cantonal fee for an individual ordinary naturalisation of a foreign national is CHF 800, plus CHF 100 per foreign minor child included; communal fees are set by each commune on a cost-covering basis.","basis":"Art. 13 and Art. 12 RLCCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Regolamento della LCCit (RLCCit, 13.12.2017, amended 2021)","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/7202","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Couple fee not read separately. Fees are due regardless of the outcome."},"processing_time":{"value":"Municipality normally completes its checks within six months of the application","unit":"text","text":"The regulation says the Municipio normally carries out its checks within six months of receiving the application.","basis":"Art. 8(1) RLCCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Regolamento della LCCit (RLCCit, 13.12.2017, amended 2021)","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/7202","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Applies to the communal checks only, not the whole procedure."},"official_page":{"value":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4","unit":"url","text":"The cantonal law portal text of the LCCit is the main official source read for Ticino.","basis":"LCCit","source":{"name":"Canton Ticino, Legge sulla cittadinanza ticinese e sull'attinenza comunale (LCCit), consolidated text","url":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"No ti.ch service page on naturalisation was read."}},"CH-VD":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":{"years":2,"immediately_before_application":"includes the year before the application"},"unit":"years","text":"An applicant must have lived two full years in Vaud, including the year before filing.","basis":"Art. 12(1)(3) LDCV","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Loi sur le droit de cité vaudois (LDCV, 141.11) and Règlement d'application, 2018 edition","url":"https://www.vd.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/themes/vie_privee/naturalisations/fichiers_pdf/2018_LDCV_et_R%C3%A8glement_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Confirmed on vd.ch residence page."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":{"years":0,"optional_commune_requirement_years":1},"unit":"years","text":"The applicant must live in the Vaud commune whose citizenship is sought; a commune may by regulation impose one year of residence there, within the previous year or not.","basis":"Art. 12(1)(2) and Art. 13 LDCV","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Loi sur le droit de cité vaudois (LDCV, 141.11) and Règlement d'application, 2018 edition","url":"https://www.vd.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/themes/vie_privee/naturalisations/fichiers_pdf/2018_LDCV_et_R%C3%A8glement_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"vd.ch page says some communes require one additional year; confirm with the commune."},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"French at B1 oral is required to file.","basis":"vd.ch Niveau de français","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Niveau de français (vd.ch)","url":"https://www.vd.ch/population/population-etrangere/naturalisation/demande-de-naturalisation-ordinaire/niveau-de-francais","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"French at A2 written is required to file.","basis":"vd.ch Niveau de français","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Niveau de français (vd.ch)","url":"https://www.vd.ch/population/population-etrangere/naturalisation/demande-de-naturalisation-ordinaire/niveau-de-francais","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"knowledge_test":{"value":{"required":"yes unless exempt","questions_drawn_in_practice_test":48,"question_bank":160,"pass_mark_percent":70,"max_attempts":3,"practice_url":"https://prestations.vd.ch/pub/101112/#/","format":"multiple choice, normally written, run by the commune"},"unit":"mixed","text":"The commune tests basic knowledge of Switzerland and Vaud with a multiple-choice test drawn from the official question list; 70% correct is needed and up to three attempts are allowed.","basis":"Art. 18 LDCV; Art. 7-8 RLDCV; vd.ch test page","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Test de connaissances (vd.ch)","url":"https://www.vd.ch/population/population-etrangere/naturalisation/demande-de-naturalisation-ordinaire/test-de-connaissances","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"48 questions and the 160-question bank describe the official practice tool; the number of questions in the real test was not read. Exemptions include Swiss compulsory schooling, an upper-secondary qualification, or being under 12 at filing."},"decision_body":{"value":"Municipality issues a preavis or refusal; Conseil d'Etat gives the cantonal preavis and the final naturalisation decision","unit":"text","text":"In Vaud the municipality gives a positive preavis or refuses, the Conseil d'Etat gives the cantonal preavis, then after federal authorisation takes the final naturalisation decision following the oath.","basis":"Art. 33, 35, 37-39 LDCV","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Loi sur le droit de cité vaudois (LDCV, 141.11) and Règlement d'application, 2018 edition","url":"https://www.vd.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/themes/vie_privee/naturalisations/fichiers_pdf/2018_LDCV_et_R%C3%A8glement_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"individual":450,"family":550,"communal_individual":"100-400","communal_family":"200-500","civil_identity_check":75},"unit":"CHF","text":"The Vaud cantonal fee is CHF 450 for an individual and CHF 550 for a family; communal fees are CHF 100 to 400 (individual) or CHF 200 to 500 (family).","basis":"Art. 66 LDCV; fee schedule in RLDCV","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Demander une naturalisation ordinaire (vd.ch)","url":"https://www.vd.ch/prestation/demander-une-naturalisation-ordinaire-dans-le-canton-de-vaud","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Brief said communal 100-400; matches. Lausanne charges CHF 250 and an extra CHF 75 identity fee is charged by the canton (Lausanne page, not canton page)."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No revenu d'insertion in the 3 years before filing or during the procedure, unless fully repaid","unit":"text","text":"Vaud applicants must not have received the revenu d'insertion in the three years before filing or during the procedure, unless it was fully repaid.","basis":"vd.ch Aide sociale","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Aide sociale (vd.ch)","url":"https://www.vd.ch/population/population-etrangere/naturalisation/demande-de-naturalisation-ordinaire/aide-sociale","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Matches the federal three-year period."},"processing_time":{"value":"Communal phase: at most 18 months from filing to the municipal decision","unit":"text","text":"Total duration from filing to the municipal decision must not exceed 18 months.","basis":"Art. 21 LDCV","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Loi sur le droit de cité vaudois (LDCV, 141.11) and Règlement d'application, 2018 edition","url":"https://www.vd.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/themes/vie_privee/naturalisations/fichiers_pdf/2018_LDCV_et_R%C3%A8glement_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Covers filing to municipal decision only, not the federal and final phases."},"ceremony_or_oath":{"value":"Oath (solemn promise) before the Conseil d'Etat or a delegation, mandatory unless under 12 or just cause","unit":"text","text":"Applicants are summoned to swear a solemn promise of loyalty to the federal and Vaud constitutions; those under 12 or with just cause are exempt, and failing to swear within six months counts as withdrawal.","basis":"Art. 38, 40 LDCV","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Loi sur le droit de cité vaudois (LDCV, 141.11) and Règlement d'application, 2018 edition","url":"https://www.vd.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/themes/vie_privee/naturalisations/fichiers_pdf/2018_LDCV_et_R%C3%A8glement_2018.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.vd.ch/population/population-etrangere/naturalisation/demande-de-naturalisation-ordinaire","unit":"url","text":"Main official Vaud page for ordinary naturalisation.","basis":"vd.ch","source":{"name":"Canton de Vaud, Demande de naturalisation ordinaire (vd.ch)","url":"https://www.vd.ch/population/population-etrangere/naturalisation/demande-de-naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-VS":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":5,"unit":"years","text":"Valais requires five years of domicile in the canton.","basis":"Art. 3 LDC (VS), per SPM guide","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, SPM Guide naturalisation ordinaire (LN 2018), dated 15 Feb 2019","url":"https://vs.ch/documents/17556437/0/06+-+Guide+naturalisation+ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Also stated on the vs.ch page. The guide says the periods are cumulative; it does not say they must immediately precede filing, and the 5 years need not be the last 5 per the Confederate section only."},"residence_commune_years":{"value":3,"unit":"years","text":"Valais requires three years of domicile in the commune where the application is filed, met also by three years in total across two Valais communes.","basis":"Art. 3 LDC (VS), per SPM guide","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, SPM Guide naturalisation ordinaire (LN 2018), dated 15 Feb 2019","url":"https://vs.ch/documents/17556437/0/06+-+Guide+naturalisation+ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Not stated whether immediately before filing."},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"French or German at B1 oral is required.","basis":"vs.ch page","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, Naturalisation ordinaire (vs.ch)","url":"https://www.vs.ch/web/spm/naturalisation-ordinaire1","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"French or German at A2 written is required.","basis":"vs.ch page","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, Naturalisation ordinaire (vs.ch)","url":"https://www.vs.ch/web/spm/naturalisation-ordinaire1","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"knowledge_test":{"value":false,"unit":null,"text":"The guide describes a communal hearing that checks knowledge of Switzerland rather than a formal written test; a questionnaire is linked on the canton page.","basis":"SPM guide ch. 2.4","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, SPM Guide naturalisation ordinaire (LN 2018), dated 15 Feb 2019","url":"https://vs.ch/documents/17556437/0/06+-+Guide+naturalisation+ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Guide describes hearing of 15 to 30 minutes by the commune; no pass mark or question count read. Guide is dated 2019."},"interview":{"value":{"communal_hearing_minutes":"15-30","cantonal":"Sub-commission of the Grand Council justice committee hears every candidate"},"unit":"text","text":"The commune hears the applicant for about 15 to 30 minutes, and a sub-commission of the Grand Council committee hears every candidate before the cantonal preavis.","basis":"SPM guide ch. 2.4; Art. 13(2) LN (VS)","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, SPM Guide naturalisation ordinaire (LN 2018), dated 15 Feb 2019","url":"https://vs.ch/documents/17556437/0/06+-+Guide+naturalisation+ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Hearings held twice a year. Guide dated 2019."},"decision_body":{"value":"Commune grants communal citizenship; Grand Conseil grants naturalisation","unit":"text","text":"In Valais ordinary naturalisation is a decision of the Grand Conseil after communal, cantonal and federal stages.","basis":"SPM guide ch. 1","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, SPM Guide naturalisation ordinaire (LN 2018), dated 15 Feb 2019","url":"https://vs.ch/documents/17556437/0/06+-+Guide+naturalisation+ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Guide dated 2019."},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"single_person":600,"family":1000,"health_stamp":55,"communal":"varies by commune"},"unit":"CHF","text":"The canton page lists a cantonal fee of CHF 600 for a single person and CHF 1,000 for a family, plus a CHF 55 health stamp.","basis":"vs.ch page","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, Naturalisation ordinaire (vs.ch)","url":"https://www.vs.ch/web/spm/naturalisation-ordinaire1","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"CONFLICT: the 2019 SPM guide states CHF 300 (single) and CHF 500 (family) plus the CHF 55 stamp. The web page is newer and published here; verify which is current."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No social assistance in the 3 years before filing or during the procedure (federal rule)","unit":"text","text":"Social assistance received in the three years before filing or during the procedure generally makes a Valais application inadmissible.","basis":"Art. 7(3) OLN, per SPM guide","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, SPM Guide naturalisation ordinaire (LN 2018), dated 15 Feb 2019","url":"https://vs.ch/documents/17556437/0/06+-+Guide+naturalisation+ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Not stricter than federal."},"ceremony_or_oath":{"value":"Mandatory oath ceremony held twice a year after Grand Council sessions","unit":"text","text":"Valais adds a compulsory oath ceremony for new citizens, held twice a year.","basis":"Art. 7 LDC (VS), per SPM guide","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, SPM Guide naturalisation ordinaire (LN 2018), dated 15 Feb 2019","url":"https://vs.ch/documents/17556437/0/06+-+Guide+naturalisation+ordinaire.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Guide dated 2019."},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.vs.ch/web/spm/naturalisation-ordinaire1","unit":"url","text":"Main official Valais page for ordinary naturalisation.","basis":"vs.ch","source":{"name":"Canton du Valais, Naturalisation ordinaire (vs.ch)","url":"https://www.vs.ch/web/spm/naturalisation-ordinaire1","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-NE":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":{"years":2,"immediately_before_application":"not required for ordinary rule; second-generation and registered-partner cases need two years including the year before"},"unit":"years","text":"The applicant must be domiciled in Neuchâtel for two years when filing.","basis":"Art. 14(b) LDCN","source":{"name":"Canton de Neuchâtel, Loi sur le droit de cité neuchâtelois (LDCN, RSN 131.0), état au 1er janvier 2026","url":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Art. 15-16 add 'including the year before the application' only for second-generation foreigners and registered partners of Swiss citizens."},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Oral French equivalent to at least CEFR B1 is required.","basis":"Art. 8 RLDCN","source":{"name":"Canton de Neuchâtel, Règlement d'exécution (RLDCN, RSN 131.1), état au 27 mai 2025","url":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.1.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Written French at CEFR A2 at minimum is required.","basis":"Art. 8 RLDCN","source":{"name":"Canton de Neuchâtel, Règlement d'exécution (RLDCN, RSN 131.1), état au 27 mai 2025","url":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.1.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"decision_body":{"value":"Communal council decides communal citizenship within three months; Conseil d'Etat decides cantonal citizenship after federal authorisation","unit":"text","text":"The communal council rules within three months, then once federal authorisation is granted the Conseil d'Etat decides, on the advice of the cantonal naturalisation commission.","basis":"Art. 22, 24 LDCN","source":{"name":"Canton de Neuchâtel, Loi sur le droit de cité neuchâtelois (LDCN, RSN 131.0), état au 1er janvier 2026","url":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"adult":1500,"minor":650,"couple":1900,"communal_adult":150,"communal_minor":150,"communal_couple":200,"note_closure":"CHF 300 (150 under 18) remains due if the file is closed"},"unit":"CHF","text":"Neuchâtel charges a cantonal fee of CHF 1,500 per adult, CHF 650 per minor and CHF 1,900 per couple, plus communal fees of CHF 150 or CHF 200 for a couple.","basis":"Art. 16 RLDCN","source":{"name":"Canton de Neuchâtel, Règlement d'exécution (RLDCN, RSN 131.1), état au 27 mai 2025","url":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.1.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Fee is collected in full when the application is filed (Art. 13)."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"Federal rule; dependence on social assistance is considered under integration criteria","unit":"text","text":"The cantonal texts read set no stricter social assistance period; tax payments must in principle be up to date and no open debt enforcement in favour of the public authorities.","basis":"Art. 17 LDCN","source":{"name":"Canton de Neuchâtel, Loi sur le droit de cité neuchâtelois (LDCN, RSN 131.0), état au 1er janvier 2026","url":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Applies Art. 17(1)(d)-(e) as written: 'en principe'."},"processing_time":{"value":"Communal council rules within three months","unit":"text","text":"The communal council must decide within three months.","basis":"Art. 22 LDCN","source":{"name":"Canton de Neuchâtel, Loi sur le droit de cité neuchâtelois (LDCN, RSN 131.0), état au 1er janvier 2026","url":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Covers the communal step only."}},"CH-GE":{"residence_canton_years":{"value":{"years":2,"immediately_before_application":"includes the last 12 months before filing"},"unit":"years","text":"Geneva requires two years in the canton, including the last 12 months before the application, and actual residence throughout the procedure.","basis":"ge.ch conditions page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: conditions à remplir (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-conditions-remplir","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Oral French at B1 is required.","basis":"ge.ch conditions page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: conditions à remplir (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-conditions-remplir","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Written French at A2 is required.","basis":"ge.ch conditions page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: conditions à remplir (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-conditions-remplir","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"knowledge_test":{"value":{"required":"only if assigned to it","certificate":"passing certificate mandatory before filing","registration":"by phone or contact form","prep":"online tutorial 'Connaître la Suisse et Genève'"},"unit":"text","text":"Geneva applicants assigned to the knowledge test on Swiss and Geneva history, geography and institutions need a passing certificate before filing.","basis":"ge.ch filing page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: dépôt de la demande (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-depot-demande","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Number of questions and pass mark not stated. Brief did not list a test; this is new."},"interview":{"value":"yes: invited after filing and preliminary review","unit":"text","text":"After filing and a preliminary review, the applicant is invited to an interview to confirm the conditions are met.","basis":"ge.ch filing page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: dépôt de la demande (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-depot-demande","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Who conducts it is not stated on the page. The naturalisation page itself says no interview is described; the filing page does."},"decision_body":{"value":"Conseil d'Etat (naturalisation decree)","unit":"text","text":"The Conseil d'Etat issues the naturalisation decree, after which adults are invited to take the oath.","basis":"ge.ch naturalisation page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"minor_11_17":300,"adult_under_25":850,"adult_over_25":1250,"couple_one_under_25":1360,"couple_both_over_25":2000,"per_child_included":300},"unit":"CHF","text":"Geneva's cantonal fee is CHF 850 for an adult under 25, CHF 1,250 for an adult over 25 and CHF 2,000 for a couple both over 25, paid at filing and non-refundable.","basis":"ge.ch filing page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: dépôt de la demande (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-depot-demande","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No social assistance in the 3 years before filing or during the procedure unless fully repaid; file may be refused at registration for debts over CHF 1,500","unit":"text","text":"Social assistance received in the three years before filing or during the procedure bars the file unless repaid.","basis":"ge.ch conditions page","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: conditions à remplir (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-conditions-remplir","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Federal period. CHF 1,500 debt threshold is a registration check."},"ceremony_or_oath":{"value":"Oath ceremony generally mandatory for adults; citizenship takes effect on the oath date","unit":"text","text":"Adult applicants must attend an oath ceremony after the Conseil d'Etat decree, and citizenship takes effect on the oath date.","basis":"ge.ch conditions and filing pages","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire: dépôt de la demande (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-depot-demande","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Brief said oath mandatory; page says 'generally' mandatory."},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire","unit":"url","text":"Main official Geneva page for ordinary naturalisation.","basis":"ge.ch","source":{"name":"République et canton de Genève, Naturalisation ordinaire (ge.ch)","url":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"CH-JU":{"residence_commune_years":{"value":{"years":2,"immediately_before_application":true},"unit":"years","text":"Jura asks for domicile of two years in the commune immediately before the application, as a rule; the canton page states the last two years in the same commune.","basis":"Art. 3 LDC (JU); Art. 4 Décret 141.11; jura.ch page","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Decree (RSJU 141.11) text read appears to predate the 2018 federal reform; the jura.ch page is the current statement. Exceptions possible via the Government."},"language_oral":{"value":"B1","unit":"level","text":"Oral French at B1 is required.","basis":"jura.ch page","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"language_written":{"value":"A2","unit":"level","text":"Written French at A2 is required.","basis":"jura.ch page","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Equals the federal level."},"knowledge_test":{"value":false,"unit":null,"text":"No separate knowledge test is described; the applicant answers a questionnaire in the interview on geography, history, civics and general knowledge of Switzerland and Jura.","basis":"jura.ch page","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Number of questions and pass mark not stated."},"interview":{"value":{"required":true,"themes":["geography","history","civics","general knowledge"]},"unit":"text","text":"Applicants attend an interview with a questionnaire on four themes.","basis":"jura.ch page","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Who conducts it is not stated."},"decision_body":{"value":"Communal assembly (or general council) admits to communal citizenship; the Government confers cantonal citizenship jointly","unit":"text","text":"Communal admission is decided by the communal assembly (or general council where the regulation says so), and the Government confers the communal and cantonal citizenship of a foreign national.","basis":"Art. 9, 12 Décret 141.11; Art. 4, 6 LDC (JU)","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Décret concernant l'admission au droit de cité communal et cantonal (RSJU 141.11)","url":"https://rsju.jura.ch/fr/viewdocument.html?idn=20008&id=34143&download=1","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Decree text may predate 2018; current practice not confirmed."},"fees_cantonal":{"value":{"under_25":"200 per person","over_25":"500 to 1000 per dossier"},"unit":"CHF","text":"The canton page lists CHF 200 per person under 25 and CHF 500 to 1,000 per dossier above that age.","basis":"jura.ch page","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Not stated whether this is cantonal or includes communal fees."},"social_assistance_rule":{"value":"No dependence on or debt to social assistance in the last 3 years","unit":"text","text":"No dependence on or debt to social assistance in the last three years.","basis":"jura.ch page","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Federal period."},"official_page":{"value":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","unit":"url","text":"Main official Jura page for ordinary naturalisation.","basis":"jura.ch","source":{"name":"République et Canton du Jura, Naturalisation ordinaire (jura.ch)","url":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}}},"federal":{"residence":{"total_years":{"value":10,"unit":"years","text":"Ordinary naturalisation requires a total of ten years of residence in Switzerland at the time of application.","basis":"Art. 9(1)(b) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"recent_years_rule":{"value":{"years":3,"within_last_years":5},"unit":"years","text":"Of the ten years, three must fall within the five years before the application; SEM practice requires these three years to be uninterrupted.","basis":"Art. 9(1)(b) BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 311/2","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Uninterrupted requirement is SEM practice (Handbuch 311/2), read with Art. 33(3) BüG."},"youth_bonus":{"value":{"age_from":8,"age_to":18,"multiplier":2},"unit":"years","text":"Years lived in Switzerland between the completed 8th and 18th year of age count double towards the ten years.","basis":"Art. 9(2) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"minimum_actual_years":{"value":6,"unit":"years","text":"Where the youth double count is used, actual residence must still be at least six years.","basis":"Art. 9(2) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"permit_required":{"value":"C (settlement permit)","unit":"permit","text":"The applicant must hold a settlement permit (C permit) when applying, and SEM practice requires it to be kept until the cantonal naturalisation decision.","basis":"Art. 9(1)(a) BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 311","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"permit_counting":{"value":{"B":"full","C":"full","FDFA_legitimation_card_or_Ci":"full","F":"half","N":"none","L":"none","G":"none","S":"none","tourist_visa":"none","false_identity":"none"},"unit":"permit","text":"Residence on a B or C permit or an FDFA legitimation card (or comparable title such as Ci) counts in full, provisional admission (F) counts half; N, L, G and S permits, tourist visas and stays under a false identity do not count.","basis":"Art. 33(1) BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 311/1; SEM FAQ","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"interruption":{"value":{"abroad_months_breaks_residence":6,"employer_or_education_exception_max_months":12,"deregistration_breaks_residence":true},"unit":"months","text":"Residence is treated as given up on deregistration or after more than six months actually living abroad; a stay abroad of up to one year for an employer or for education counts as a short absence.","basis":"Art. 33(2)-(3) BüG; Art. 16 BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 311/3","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Handbuch: a stay abroad longer than 12 months for work or education breaks residence; semesters abroad do not while enrolled at a Swiss school."},"cantonal_minimum":{"value":{"min":2,"max":5},"unit":"years","text":"Cantonal law must set a minimum cantonal residence period of between two and five years.","basis":"Art. 18(1) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"integration":{"criteria":{"value":["respect for public security and order","respect for the values of the Federal Constitution","ability to communicate orally and in writing in a national language in everyday life","participation in economic life or in education","encouraging and supporting the integration of spouse, registered partner or minor children under parental authority"],"unit":"list","text":"Successful integration is shown in particular by five criteria listed in the Act; cantons may add further integration criteria.","basis":"Art. 12(1) and (3) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Art. 12(2) BüG: disability, illness or other weighty personal circumstances must be taken into account for language and economic criteria; Art. 9 BüV lists them."},"material_conditions":{"value":["successfully integrated","familiar with Swiss living conditions","no threat to internal or external security"],"unit":"list","text":"The federal naturalisation permit requires successful integration, familiarity with Swiss living conditions and no threat to the internal or external security of Switzerland.","basis":"Art. 11 BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"personal_circumstances":{"value":["physical, mental or psychological disability","serious or long-lasting illness","pronounced learning, reading or writing difficulty","working poverty","care duties","social assistance dependency arising from first formal education in Switzerland, if not caused by own conduct"],"unit":"list","text":"Authorities may deviate from the language, economic and close-ties criteria where a listed disability, illness or other weighty personal circumstance prevents or hinders fulfilment.","basis":"Art. 9 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"family_support":{"value":["acquiring national-language skills","participation in economic life or education","participation in social and cultural life","other integration activities"],"unit":"list","text":"An applicant promotes family members' integration by supporting them in language learning, work or education, social and cultural life, or other integration activities.","basis":"Art. 8 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"familiarity":{"value":{"criteria":["basic knowledge of Swiss geography, history, politics and society","participation in social and cultural life in Switzerland","contacts with Swiss people"],"cantonal_test_optional":true},"unit":"list","text":"Familiarity with Swiss living conditions means basic civic knowledge, participation in social and cultural life and contacts with Swiss people; the canton may require a knowledge test.","basis":"Art. 2 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"If a canton sets a test it must offer preparation aids and make it passable with the required language level (Art. 2(2) BüV)."},"values":{"value":["rule-of-law principles and the free democratic order of Switzerland","fundamental rights such as equality of men and women, right to life and personal freedom, freedom of religion and conscience, freedom of expression","duty of military or civilian substitute service and of school attendance"],"unit":"list","text":"The values of the Federal Constitution include rule-of-law and democratic principles, fundamental rights, and the duties of military or civilian service and school attendance.","basis":"Art. 5 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"security_threat":{"value":"concrete threat to major legal interests through activities under Art. 6(1)(a)(1-5) NDG or organised crime","unit":"definition","text":"A concrete security threat exists where a person takes part in, supports, promotes or recruits for intelligence-law listed activities or organised crime affecting major legal interests.","basis":"Art. 3 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"language":{"oral_level":{"value":"B1","unit":"CEFR level","text":"Applicants must prove oral skills in a national language at least at CEFR level B1.","basis":"Art. 6(1) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM FAQ: cantons may require higher language levels for ordinary naturalisation."},"written_level":{"value":"A2","unit":"CEFR level","text":"Applicants must prove written skills in a national language at least at CEFR level A2.","basis":"Art. 6(1) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"proof_exemptions":{"value":["national language spoken and written as mother tongue","at least five years of compulsory schooling in a national language","completed upper secondary or tertiary education in a national language","language certificate based on a test meeting recognised quality standards"],"unit":"list","text":"Language proof is deemed provided by mother tongue, five years of compulsory schooling, or completed upper secondary or tertiary education in a national language, or by a recognised certificate.","basis":"Art. 6(2) BüV; SEM FAQ","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM FAQ: the schooling or education need not have been completed in Switzerland, but a confirmation must be submitted."},"accepted_certificates":{"value":{"edition":"1 October 2026","next_update":"1 January 2027","German":["fide-Test (provisionally recognised)","fide-Test edu (provisionally recognised)","fide-Dossier","ECL Prüfung in Deutsch als Fremdsprache","bzi-Sprachstandanalyse (provisionally recognised; held until 31.12.2026, valid until 31.12.2027)","Kantonaler Deutschtest im Einbürgerungsverfahren KDE, Kanton ZH (provisionally recognised)","Goethe-Zertifikat A1 to C2","Goethe-Zertifikat A2: Fit in Deutsch Young Learners","Schweizerischer Digitaler Sprachtest SDS (provisionally recognised)","telc Deutsch A1 to B2 (incl. Start Deutsch 1 and 2, Zertifikat Deutsch B1)","telc Deutsch C1 Hochschule","TestDaF","Digital TestDaF","ÖSD Zertifikat A1 to C1","Young Learners ÖSD Zertifikat B1 to C1"],"French":["Test fide (provisionally recognised)","Test fide edu (provisionally recognised)","Dossier fide","DELF","DELF Junior (under 16 only)","TCF TP (only with complementary tests)","TCF DAP (requires a further certificate for oral expression)","TCF Québec","TCF IRN","TCF Canada","TEF","TEFAQ","TEF Canada","Diplômes de Français Professionnel Affaires"],"Italian":["Test fide (provisionally recognised)","Test fide edu (provisionally recognised)","Dossier fide","CELI Impatto","CELI 1 to 5"],"Romansh":["Examens da rumantsch"]},"unit":"list","text":"SEM publishes a quarterly list of recognised language certificates; a certificate counts if it was on the list when the application was filed.","basis":"Art. 6(2)(d) BüV; SEM list of recognised language certificates","source":{"name":"SEM: Liste der anerkannten Sprachzertifikate, Ausgabe 1. Oktober 2026","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/integration/themen/sprache/anerkannte-sprachzertifikate.pdf.download.pdf/anerkannte-sprachzertifikate-d.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Certificate levels vary; the certificate must attest at least B1 oral and A2 written. Formerly recognised certificates (Annex I) remain valid for applications filed in their listed period."},"not_accepted":{"value":["course attendance certificates","online placement tests"],"unit":"list","text":"Course attendance certificates and online placement tests are not accepted as language proof.","basis":"SEM FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht","source":{"name":"SEM: FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht (last modified 22.06.2026)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/faq.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"economic":{"social_assistance_lookback_years":{"value":3,"unit":"years","text":"An applicant who received social assistance in the three years immediately before applying, or during the procedure, does not meet the economic participation criterion.","basis":"Art. 7(3) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"repayment_cure":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"Receipt of social assistance in that period is not disqualifying if the assistance has been repaid in full.","basis":"Art. 7(3) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"participation_definition":{"value":{"economic_life":"living costs and maintenance obligations covered by income, assets or third-party benefits with a legal entitlement, at application and naturalisation","education":"in education or further training at application or naturalisation"},"unit":"definition","text":"Economic participation means covering living costs and maintenance by income, assets or entitled third-party benefits; participation in education means being in training.","basis":"Art. 7(1)-(2) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"exceptions_art9":{"value":["disability","serious or long-lasting illness","pronounced learning, reading or writing difficulty","working poverty","care duties","social assistance due to first formal education in Switzerland not caused by own conduct"],"unit":"list","text":"Deviation from the economic criterion is possible for the personal circumstances listed in Art. 9 BüV.","basis":"Art. 9 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"criminal":{"disqualifying":{"value":["unconditional sentence or partly suspended custodial sentence for a misdemeanour or felony","inpatient measure for adults or closed placement for juveniles","activity ban, contact and area ban, or expulsion","suspended or partly suspended monetary penalty over 90 daily units, suspended custodial sentence over 3 months, or suspended community service over 360 hours as main sanction","suspended sanction at or below those thresholds where the person failed during probation"],"unit":"list","text":"An applicant is not considered integrated while a VOSTRA entry of these types is visible to SEM; foreign criminal records are treated in the same way.","basis":"Art. 4(2) and (4) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"public_order_breaches":{"value":["significant or repeated disregard of legal rules and official orders","wilful non-fulfilment of important public or private law obligations","publicly approving or promoting crimes against public peace, genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes"],"unit":"list","text":"Non-respect of public security and order also covers serious or repeated breaches of law, wilful non-payment of key obligations and public endorsement of atrocity crimes.","basis":"Art. 4(1) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"case_by_case":{"value":"SEM decides by sanction level; no integration while a sanction is not executed or probation is running","unit":"rule","text":"For all other visible VOSTRA entries SEM decides on integration according to the sanction level, but cannot assume integration while a sanction is unexecuted or probation runs.","basis":"Art. 4(3) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"pending_case_suspension":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"Where criminal proceedings are pending, SEM suspends the naturalisation procedure until they are finally concluded; SEM treats proceedings as pending from the first police investigative step.","basis":"Art. 4(5) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/114","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"waiting_periods":{"t1_01":{"value":{"table":"T1","sanction":"unconditional custodial sentence of at least 5 years","period":"duration of sentence plus 20 years, plus duration of any custodial sentence already registered, from the judgment becoming final"},"unit":"rule","text":"For unconditional custodial sentence of at least 5 years, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: duration of sentence plus 20 years, plus duration of any custodial sentence already registered, from the judgment becoming final.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(a) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 1","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t1_02":{"value":{"table":"T1","sanction":"unconditional custodial sentence of at least 1 and under 5 years","period":"duration of sentence plus 15 years, plus any registered custodial sentence, from finality"},"unit":"rule","text":"For unconditional custodial sentence of at least 1 and under 5 years, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: duration of sentence plus 15 years, plus any registered custodial sentence, from finality.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(a) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 1","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t1_03":{"value":{"table":"T1","sanction":"unconditional custodial sentence under 1 year","period":"duration of sentence plus 10 years, plus any registered custodial sentence, from finality"},"unit":"rule","text":"For unconditional custodial sentence under 1 year, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: duration of sentence plus 10 years, plus any registered custodial sentence, from finality.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(a) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 1","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t1_04":{"value":{"table":"T1","sanction":"unconditional monetary penalty","period":"date of finality plus 10 years"},"unit":"rule","text":"For unconditional monetary penalty, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(a) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 1","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t1_05":{"value":{"table":"T1","sanction":"community service","period":"date of finality plus 10 years"},"unit":"rule","text":"For community service, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(a) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 1","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t1_06":{"value":{"table":"T1","sanction":"partly suspended custodial sentence (not revoked)","period":"date of finality plus 10 years"},"unit":"rule","text":"For partly suspended custodial sentence (not revoked), SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(a) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 1","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t2_07":{"value":{"table":"T2","sanction":"inpatient measure for adults (indefinite detention, treatment of mental disorder or addiction)","period":"end of measure plus 15 years, plus remaining sentence"},"unit":"rule","text":"For inpatient measure for adults (indefinite detention, treatment of mental disorder or addiction), SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: end of measure plus 15 years, plus remaining sentence.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(b) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 2","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t3_08":{"value":{"table":"T3","sanction":"activity ban under Art. 67(1) StGB","period":"date of finality plus 10 years as a minimum, running from the expiry of the last ban"},"unit":"rule","text":"For activity ban under Art. 67(1) StGB, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years as a minimum, running from the expiry of the last ban.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(c) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 3","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t3_09":{"value":{"table":"T3","sanction":"activity ban under Art. 67(2)-(4) StGB","period":"end of ban plus 10 years as a minimum"},"unit":"rule","text":"For activity ban under Art. 67(2)-(4) StGB, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: end of ban plus 10 years as a minimum.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(c) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 3","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t3_10":{"value":{"table":"T3","sanction":"contact and area ban","period":"end of ban plus 10 years as a minimum"},"unit":"rule","text":"For contact and area ban, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: end of ban plus 10 years as a minimum.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(c) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 3","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t3_11":{"value":{"table":"T3","sanction":"expulsion","period":"entry shown as long as the expulsion applies, or longer statutory period; case-by-case assessment"},"unit":"rule","text":"For expulsion, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: entry shown as long as the expulsion applies, or longer statutory period; case-by-case assessment.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(c) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 3","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t4_12":{"value":{"table":"T4","sanction":"suspended monetary penalty over 90 daily units","period":"date of finality plus 10 years"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended monetary penalty over 90 daily units, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(d) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 4","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t4_13":{"value":{"table":"T4","sanction":"suspended custodial sentence over 3 months","period":"date of finality plus 10 years; on revocation Table 1 applies"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended custodial sentence over 3 months, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years; on revocation Table 1 applies.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(d) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 4","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t4_14":{"value":{"table":"T4","sanction":"suspended community service over 360 hours","period":"date of finality plus 10 years"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended community service over 360 hours, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(d) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 4","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t5_15":{"value":{"table":"T5","sanction":"suspended monetary penalty up to 90 daily units with failure during probation","period":"date of finality plus 10 years; no naturalisation while the failure entry exists"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended monetary penalty up to 90 daily units with failure during probation, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years; no naturalisation while the failure entry exists.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(e) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 5","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t5_16":{"value":{"table":"T5","sanction":"suspended custodial sentence up to 3 months with failure during probation","period":"date of finality plus 10 years; on revocation Table 1 applies"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended custodial sentence up to 3 months with failure during probation, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years; on revocation Table 1 applies.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(e) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 5","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t5_17":{"value":{"table":"T5","sanction":"suspended community service up to 360 hours with failure during probation","period":"date of finality plus 10 years"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended community service up to 360 hours with failure during probation, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 10 years.","basis":"Art. 4(2)(e) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 5","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t6_18":{"value":{"table":"T6","sanction":"suspended penalty up to 30 daily units, 1 month or 120 hours, probation passed","period":"expiry of the probation period"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended penalty up to 30 daily units, 1 month or 120 hours, probation passed, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: expiry of the probation period.","basis":"Art. 4(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 6","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM may extend the waiting time up to double where conduct shows a significant risk to public order. SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t6_19":{"value":{"table":"T6","sanction":"suspended penalty over 30 and up to 90 daily units, over 1 and up to 3 months, or over 120 and up to 360 hours, probation passed","period":"expiry of probation plus 3 years waiting period"},"unit":"rule","text":"For suspended penalty over 30 and up to 90 daily units, over 1 and up to 3 months, or over 120 and up to 360 hours, probation passed, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: expiry of probation plus 3 years waiting period.","basis":"Art. 4(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 6","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM may extend the waiting time up to double where conduct shows a significant risk to public order. SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t6_20":{"value":{"table":"T6","sanction":"other sanctions, e.g. fine over CHF 5000, outpatient treatment, peace bond, driving ban","period":"case-by-case assessment"},"unit":"rule","text":"For other sanctions, e.g. fine over CHF 5000, outpatient treatment, peace bond, driving ban, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: case-by-case assessment.","basis":"Art. 4(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 6","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM may extend the waiting time up to double where conduct shows a significant risk to public order. SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_21":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"juvenile unconditional custodial sentence","period":"duration plus 10 years, plus any registered deprivation of liberty, from finality"},"unit":"rule","text":"For juvenile unconditional custodial sentence, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: duration plus 10 years, plus any registered deprivation of liberty, from finality.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_22":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"juvenile placement in a closed institution","period":"end of measure plus 10 years, plus remaining sentence"},"unit":"rule","text":"For juvenile placement in a closed institution, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: end of measure plus 10 years, plus remaining sentence.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_23":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"juvenile suspended or partly suspended custodial sentence","period":"date of finality plus 7 years; plus 10 years on revocation"},"unit":"rule","text":"For juvenile suspended or partly suspended custodial sentence, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 7 years; plus 10 years on revocation.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_24":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"juvenile placement in an open institution or with private persons","period":"end of measure plus 7 years, plus remaining sentence"},"unit":"rule","text":"For juvenile placement in an open institution or with private persons, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: end of measure plus 7 years, plus remaining sentence.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_25":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"juvenile outpatient treatment","period":"end of measure plus 5 years, where no other calculation applies"},"unit":"rule","text":"For juvenile outpatient treatment, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: end of measure plus 5 years, where no other calculation applies.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_26":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"juvenile activity ban or contact or area ban","period":"end of ban plus 10 years, unless longer periods apply"},"unit":"rule","text":"For juvenile activity ban or contact or area ban, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: end of ban plus 10 years, unless longer periods apply.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_27":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"juvenile failure during probation, suspended deprivation of liberty up to 3 months","period":"date of finality plus 7 years; plus 10 years on revocation"},"unit":"rule","text":"For juvenile failure during probation, suspended deprivation of liberty up to 3 months, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: date of finality plus 7 years; plus 10 years on revocation.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."},"t7_28":{"value":{"table":"T7","sanction":"other juvenile sanctions","period":"case-by-case assessment"},"unit":"rule","text":"For other juvenile sanctions, SEM handles a naturalisation application only after: case-by-case assessment.","basis":"Art. 4(2)-(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 321/113, Tabelle 7","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM states the tables are heavily simplified and valid only for single sanctions; dates for removal from VOSTRA authority extract 2 follow Art. 38 StReG."}}},"procedure":{"levels":{"value":["application to the authority designated by the canton (canton or commune)","cantonal (and communal) examination and assurance of naturalisation","forwarding to SEM","SEM grants or refuses the federal naturalisation permit","cantonal naturalisation decision"],"unit":"list","text":"Ordinary naturalisation runs through canton and commune, then SEM's federal permit, then the cantonal decision; citizenship is acquired when the cantonal decision becomes final.","basis":"Art. 13-15 BüG; Art. 14(3) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"sem_time_limit_ordinary_months":{"value":8,"unit":"months","text":"SEM decides on the federal naturalisation permit as a rule within eight months of receiving the complete file.","basis":"Art. 23(1) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Indicative time limit (in der Regel), not a binding deadline."},"sem_time_limit_facilitated_months":{"value":12,"unit":"months","text":"SEM decides on facilitated naturalisation or reintegration as a rule within twelve months of receiving the cantonal or embassy report.","basis":"Art. 23(2) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Indicative time limit."},"cantonal_report_months":{"value":12,"unit":"months","text":"Cantonal authorities or Swiss representations commissioned by SEM submit their investigation report as a rule within twelve months.","basis":"Art. 22 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Indicative time limit."},"federal_permit_validity":{"value":{"months":12,"renewable":false,"new_permit_possible":true},"unit":"months","text":"The canton must decide within one year of the federal permit, after which the permit lapses; it cannot be extended, but the canton may request a new one.","basis":"Art. 14(1) BüG; Art. 13(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 337","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Handbuch: the fee for the second permit is payable by the applicant if they caused the delay."},"final_check":{"value":{"vostra_recheck":true,"economic_recheck_if_over_months":6,"refuse_on_new_facts":true},"unit":"rule","text":"Before naturalising, the canton re-checks the criminal record and, if naturalisation cannot occur within six months of the federal permit, economic participation; it refuses if new disqualifying facts emerge.","basis":"Art. 13(1)-(2) BüV; Art. 14(2) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 337 recommends cantons obtain a signed declaration of respect for the legal order over the past ten years."},"reasons_required":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"Refusal of a naturalisation application must be reasoned, and voters in a communal assembly can only refuse on a reasoned motion.","basis":"Art. 16 BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"inclusion_of_children":{"value":{"rule":"minor children living with the applicant are as a rule included","independent_check_from_age":12,"written_consent_from_age":16},"unit":"rule","text":"Minor children living with the applicant are normally included; from age 12 their integration is assessed independently, and from 16 they must declare their own wish in writing.","basis":"Art. 30-31 BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"fees":{"art25_1_a1":{"value":100,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 100 for federal permit, applicant adult at filing.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(a)(1) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_a2":{"value":150,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 150 for federal permit, spouses applying jointly.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(a)(2) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_a3":{"value":50,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 50 for federal permit, applicant minor at filing.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(a)(3) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_b":{"value":500,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 500 for decision on facilitated naturalisation under Art. 21 BüG (spouse).","basis":"Art. 25(1)(b) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_c1":{"value":500,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 500 for decision on other facilitated naturalisations and reintegration, adult.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(c)(1) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_c2":{"value":250,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 250 for decision on other facilitated naturalisations and reintegration, minor.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(c)(2) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_d":{"value":300,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 300 for refusal of the federal naturalisation permit.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(d) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_e":{"value":500,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 500 for decision on annulment of a naturalisation.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(e) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_1_f":{"value":60,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges CHF 60 for confirmation of Swiss citizenship.","basis":"Art. 25(1)(f) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_2_included_minors":{"value":0,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM charges no fee for minor children included in a parent's naturalisation.","basis":"Art. 25(2) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art25_3_a_cantonal_report":{"value":400,"unit":"CHF","text":"In addition to facilitated and reintegration fees, SEM collects for the canton up to CHF 400 for the investigation report, depending on workload.","basis":"Art. 25(3)(a) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Maximum (höchstens)."},"art25_3_b_civil_status_abroad":{"value":100,"unit":"CHF","text":"For applicants living abroad SEM collects CHF 100 for the canton's check of civil status.","basis":"Art. 25(3)(b) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"art28_adjustment":{"value":{"max_multiplier":2,"min_multiplier":0.5},"unit":"factor","text":"Fees under Art. 25(1) and (3) may be doubled or halved where the workload is markedly above or below average.","basis":"Art. 28(1) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"advance_payment":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"SEM collects the federal permit fee, the decision fee and the cantonal fees in advance; if not paid in time SEM does not enter into the application.","basis":"Art. 27(2)-(3) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM accepts no instalments (FAQ; Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 334)."},"ordinary_cantonal_communal":{"value":"set by each canton and commune","unit":"CHF","text":"Cantons and communes charge their own fees for ordinary naturalisation, on which SEM gives no information.","basis":"Art. 35 BüG; SEM FAQ","source":{"name":"SEM: FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht (last modified 22.06.2026)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/faq.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Fees may at most cover costs (Art. 35(2) BüG)."},"faq_total_spouse_in_ch":{"value":900,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM states that facilitated naturalisation for spouses of Swiss citizens living in Switzerland costs CHF 900, paid in advance and not refunded on refusal.","basis":"SEM FAQ; Art. 25(1)(b) and (3)(a) BüV","source":{"name":"SEM: FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht (last modified 22.06.2026)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/faq.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"faq_total_spouse_abroad":{"value":600,"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM states that facilitated naturalisation for spouses living abroad costs CHF 600, plus the Swiss representation's own time-based fees and possible civil-status fees.","basis":"SEM FAQ; Art. 25(1)(b) and (3)(b) BüV; Art. 26 BüV","source":{"name":"SEM: FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht (last modified 22.06.2026)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/faq.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"faq_total_reintegration_in_ch":{"value":{"adult":900,"minor_independent":650},"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM states that reintegration for a person living in Switzerland costs CHF 900, or CHF 650 for a minor applying independently.","basis":"SEM FAQ; Art. 25(1)(c) and (3)(a) BüV","source":{"name":"SEM: FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht (last modified 22.06.2026)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/faq.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"faq_total_reintegration_abroad":{"value":{"adult":600,"minor_independent":350},"unit":"CHF","text":"SEM states that reintegration for a person living abroad costs CHF 600, or CHF 350 for a minor, plus representation and civil-status fees.","basis":"SEM FAQ; Art. 25(1)(c) and (3)(b) BüV","source":{"name":"SEM: FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht (last modified 22.06.2026)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/faq.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"spouse_practice":{"financial_record":{"value":{"debt_enforcement_threshold_CHF":1500,"debt_rule":"one or more uncontested and unpaid debt enforcements over CHF 1500 are an obstacle","register_lookback_years":5,"tax_arrears_window_years":5,"payment_agreements_accepted":false,"wage_garnishment":"naturalisation only after it is lifted"},"unit":"CHF","text":"In facilitated spouse cases, unpaid and uncontested debt enforcements above CHF 1500 block naturalisation, register entries older than five years are ignored, and tax arrears in the last five years exclude naturalisation.","basis":"SEM Handbuch Kap. 4 ch. 422/111/21-22","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 4","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Only final tax assessments count; payment agreements and deferrals are not accepted. While contested enforcement is ongoing SEM cannot decide. Kap. 3 contains the same CHF 1500 rule for ordinary cases."},"marital_union_definition":{"value":{"definition":"formal marriage plus actual shared life with intact common will to a stable union","cohabitation":"as a rule same address; separate residence allowed for important (work or health) reasons, not for tax reasons","must_exist_at":["filing","naturalisation"],"declaration":"spouses sign a declaration on the marital union, renewed if older than six months at decision","registered_partnership_converted":"prior federal registered partnership counts if converted; if spouses married without conversion, only marriages before 1 July 2022 count it"},"unit":"definition","text":"A marital union requires a formal marriage and an actual, stable shared life with an intact will to continue it, existing both at filing and at naturalisation.","basis":"Art. 10 BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 4 ch. 411, 421/1, 437/3","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 4","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}}},"routes":{"ordinary":{"value":{"conditions":["C permit at filing","10 years total residence, 3 of last 5","cantonal residence 2 to 5 years","Art. 11-12 BüG criteria"],"decision_authority":"canton (with federal permit from SEM)","cost":"SEM CHF 100 adult / 150 spouses jointly / 50 minor, plus cantonal and communal fees","time_limit":"SEM 8 months (indicative); cantonal decision within 1 year of federal permit"},"unit":"route","text":"Ordinary naturalisation requires a C permit, ten years' residence (three in the last five), integration, familiarity and no security threat; the canton decides after SEM's federal permit.","basis":"Art. 9, 11-14, 18 BüG; Art. 23(1), 25(1)(a) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"registered_partner":{"value":{"conditions":["5 years total residence, 1 immediately before filing","3 years living in registered partnership with the Swiss citizen","C permit","ordinary integration criteria"],"decision_authority":"canton (with federal permit from SEM)","cost":"as ordinary","time_limit":"as ordinary"},"unit":"route","text":"A registered partner of a Swiss citizen applies by ordinary naturalisation with five years' residence (one immediately before) and three years of registered partnership, and needs a C permit.","basis":"Art. 10 BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 311/43; SEM FAQ","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM FAQ: registered partners cannot use facilitated naturalisation, which is open only to married couples. Only federal registered partnerships (PartG, from 1 January 2007) count."},"spouse_in_ch":{"value":{"conditions":["3 years in marital union","5 years total residence, 1 immediately before filing","Art. 12 integration criteria (Art. 20 BüG)","no security threat"],"decision_authority":"SEM, after hearing the canton","cost":"CHF 500 plus up to CHF 400 cantonal report (SEM FAQ total CHF 900)","time_limit":"cantonal report 12 months; SEM 12 months after report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"A foreign spouse of a Swiss citizen may apply for facilitated naturalisation after three years of marital union and five years' residence in Switzerland, one immediately before filing; SEM decides.","basis":"Art. 20, 21(1), 25 BüG; Art. 22, 23(2), 25(1)(b), 25(3)(a) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"No C permit is required by Art. 21 BüG. SEM FAQ: if the Swiss spouse dies before filing, only ordinary naturalisation remains."},"spouse_abroad":{"value":{"conditions":["6 years in marital union","close ties: at least three stays of at least five days each in Switzerland in the last six years","oral everyday communication in a national language","basic knowledge of Swiss geography, history, politics and society","contacts with Swiss people","ties (a) and (d) confirmed by referees resident in Switzerland"],"decision_authority":"SEM","cost":"CHF 500 plus CHF 100 civil-status check (SEM FAQ total CHF 600) plus representation fees","time_limit":"SEM 12 months after the representation's report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"A foreign spouse living or having lived abroad may apply after six years of marital union if closely connected with Switzerland, filing at the Swiss representation.","basis":"Art. 21(2) BüG; Art. 11, 15, 23(2), 25 BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"spouse_exclusions":{"value":{"included":["spouse became Swiss after marriage by reintegration","spouse became Swiss after marriage by facilitated naturalisation based on descent from a Swiss parent"],"excluded_per_SEM_FAQ":["spouse naturalised after marriage by ordinary naturalisation","spouse naturalised after marriage as third-generation foreigner","Swiss spouse died before filing","registered partners"]},"unit":"route","text":"The spouse route also applies where the Swiss spouse became Swiss after the marriage through reintegration or descent-based facilitated naturalisation; SEM states it does not apply where the spouse naturalised after marriage by ordinary or third-generation naturalisation.","basis":"Art. 21(3) BüG; SEM FAQ","source":{"name":"SEM: FAQ Schweizer Bürgerrecht (last modified 22.06.2026)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/faq.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Art. 21(3) BüG is worded as an extension, not an exclusion list; the exclusions are SEM's reading in its FAQ. Handbuch Kap. 4 ch. 421/1: an earlier marriage to a Swiss citizen does not count."},"good_faith":{"value":{"conditions":["5 years in good faith","actually treated as Swiss by cantonal or communal authorities","Art. 20 BüG criteria"],"decision_authority":"SEM, after hearing the canton","cost":"CHF 500 adult / 250 minor plus up to CHF 400 cantonal report (or CHF 100 civil-status check abroad)","time_limit":"SEM 12 months after report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"A person who lived five years in good faith believing they were Swiss, and was actually treated as Swiss by cantonal or communal authorities, may apply for facilitated naturalisation, from Switzerland or abroad.","basis":"Art. 22, 25 BüG; Art. 23(2), 25(1)(c) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 6 ch. 611","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 6","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap6.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap6.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Citizenship of the canton responsible for the error is acquired (Art. 22(2) BüG)."},"stateless_minor":{"value":{"conditions":["minor and stateless","5 years total residence, 1 immediately before filing","any residence lawful under foreign-nationals law counts","Art. 20 BüG criteria"],"decision_authority":"SEM, after hearing the canton","cost":"CHF 250 (minor) plus up to CHF 400 cantonal report","time_limit":"SEM 12 months after report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"A stateless minor may apply for facilitated naturalisation after five years' residence in Switzerland, one immediately before filing; any lawful residence counts.","basis":"Art. 23, 25 BüG; Art. 25(1)(c)(2) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"child_of_naturalised":{"value":{"conditions":["minor when the parent's application was filed","not included in the parent's naturalisation","apply before completing 22nd year","5 years total residence, 3 immediately before filing","Art. 20 BüG criteria"],"decision_authority":"SEM, after hearing the canton","cost":"CHF 500 adult / 250 minor plus up to CHF 400 cantonal report","time_limit":"SEM 12 months after report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"A foreign child who was a minor when a parent applied but was not included may apply before age 22 after five years' residence, three immediately before filing.","basis":"Art. 24, 25 BüG; Art. 25(1)(c) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"third_generation":{"value":{"conditions":["at least one grandparent born in Switzerland or credibly held a right of residence (B, C, F or FDFA card per Art. 15a BüV)","at least one parent with a C permit, 10 years' residence and 5 years of compulsory schooling in Switzerland","child born in Switzerland","child holds a C permit and had 5 years of compulsory schooling in Switzerland","apply by completed 25th year"],"evidence":"register extracts (communal and cantonal residents' registers, ZEMIS, ZAR, AUPER, Ordipro), else migration or school files, civil-status records or tax confirmations (Art. 15b BüV)","decision_authority":"SEM, after hearing the canton","cost":"CHF 500 adult / 250 minor plus up to CHF 400 cantonal report","time_limit":"SEM 12 months after report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"A Swiss-born child of foreign parents may apply until age 25 if a grandparent was born in or had a right of residence in Switzerland, a parent meets the C permit, ten-year and five-year schooling tests, and the child holds a C permit with five years' schooling.","basis":"Art. 24a, 25 BüG; Art. 15a-15b, 25(1)(c) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 6 ch. 644","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The Art. 51a BüG transitional window for ages 26 to 35 ended on 15 February 2023 (Handbuch Kap. 6 ch. 644)."},"swiss_parent_transitional":{"value":{"conditions":["Art. 51(1): child from marriage of a Swiss mother with a foreigner, mother Swiss before or at birth, close ties with Switzerland","Art. 51(2): child of a Swiss father born before 1 January 2006, meets Art. 1(2) BüG, close ties","Art. 20 BüG criteria apply mutatis mutandis"],"automatic_case":"Art. 51(3): child of a Swiss father born before 1 January 2006 whose parents marry acquires citizenship as if from birth","decision_authority":"SEM, after hearing the canton","cost":"CHF 500 adult / 250 minor plus cantonal report (up to CHF 400) or CHF 100 civil-status check abroad","time_limit":"SEM 12 months after report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"Transitional law lets a foreign child of a Swiss mother married to a foreigner, or a child of a Swiss father born before 1 January 2006, apply for facilitated naturalisation if closely connected with Switzerland.","basis":"Art. 51 BüG; Art. 11, 23(2), 25(1)(c) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Close ties are defined in Art. 11 BüV."},"reintegration":{"value":{"conditions":["within 10 years of loss; after that, 3 years' residence in Switzerland","successfully integrated if in Switzerland, closely connected if abroad","respects public security and order and constitutional values","no security threat"],"decision_authority":"SEM, after hearing the canton","cost":"SEM FAQ: CHF 900 (minor CHF 650) if resident in Switzerland; CHF 600 (minor CHF 350) if abroad, plus representation fees","time_limit":"SEM 12 months after report (indicative)"},"unit":"route","text":"A former Swiss citizen may apply for reintegration within ten years of loss, and afterwards only with three years' residence in Switzerland; integration (if resident) or close ties (if abroad) plus public order, constitutional values and no security threat are required.","basis":"Art. 26-29 BüG; Art. 23(2), 25(1)(c) BüV; SEM FAQ","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The cantonal and communal citizenship last held is reacquired (Art. 28 BüG)."},"by_operation_of_law":{"value":["descent from a Swiss parent (Art. 1)","foundling (Art. 3)","adoption of a minor by a Swiss citizen (Art. 4)"],"unit":"list","text":"Swiss citizenship is acquired by operation of law through descent, as a foundling found in Switzerland, or by adoption of a minor by a Swiss citizen.","basis":"Art. 1, 3, 4 BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"annulment":{"grounds":{"value":"naturalisation obtained by false statements or concealment of material facts","unit":"rule","text":"A naturalisation may be annulled if it was obtained by false statements or by concealing material facts; SEM annuls facilitated and reintegration cases, the canton ordinary ones.","basis":"Art. 36(1), (3) BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 8 ch. 83","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 8","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap8.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap8.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Handbuch: most annulments follow spouse naturalisations where the marital union was unstable or not actually lived."},"deadline_from_knowledge":{"value":2,"unit":"years","text":"Annulment must occur within two years of SEM learning the relevant facts, and each investigative step notified to the person restarts a new two-year period.","basis":"Art. 36(2) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Periods are suspended during appeal proceedings."},"absolute_deadline":{"value":8,"unit":"years","text":"Annulment is possible at the latest within eight years of acquiring Swiss citizenship.","basis":"Art. 36(2) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM Handbuch Kap. 8 ch. 831/1 phrases this as eight years after notification of the naturalisation decision."},"extension_to_children":{"value":{"extends":true,"exceptions":["child aged 16 or over at the decision who meets Art. 9 residence and Art. 11 suitability","child who would become stateless"]},"unit":"rule","text":"Annulment extends to children whose citizenship rests on the annulled naturalisation, except those aged 16 or over who qualify independently, or who would become stateless.","basis":"Art. 36(4) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"reapply_after":{"value":2,"unit":"years","text":"After a final annulment a new application can be filed only after two years; this waiting period does not apply to the included children.","basis":"Art. 36(5)-(6) BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 8 ch. 834","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 8","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap8.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap8.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"withdrawal_of_documents":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"Withdrawal of identity documents is ordered together with the annulment.","basis":"Art. 36(7) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"appeals":{"ordinary_cantonal_route":{"value":"cantonal court as last cantonal instance, then only a subsidiary constitutional complaint to the Federal Supreme Court","unit":"route","text":"Cantonal refusals of ordinary naturalisation go to a cantonal court as last cantonal instance; SEM states only a subsidiary constitutional complaint to the Federal Supreme Court is then possible.","basis":"Art. 46-47 BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 333 (citing Art. 83(b), 115-116 BGG)","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Handbuch: the public-law appeal to the Federal Supreme Court is inadmissible (Art. 83(b) BGG); competent body and standing follow cantonal procedural law."},"federal_permit_refusal_route":{"value":"Federal Administrative Court, final","unit":"route","text":"SEM's refusal of the federal permit can be challenged at the Federal Administrative Court by the applicant, canton and commune, and SEM states that court's decision is final.","basis":"Art. 47 BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 336 (citing Art. 31, 33(d) VGG; Art. 83(b), 113 BGG)","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"facilitated_route":{"value":"Federal Administrative Court within 30 days; cantonal or communal authorities may appeal a positive decision and, if rejected, go to the Federal Supreme Court","unit":"route","text":"Negative facilitated naturalisation decisions can be appealed to the Federal Administrative Court; cantons and communes may also challenge positive decisions there and then before the Federal Supreme Court.","basis":"Art. 47 BüG; SEM Handbuch Kap. 4 ch. 437/2, 438/1, 438/3; Kap. 5 ch. 537/2","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 4","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"The Handbuch pages read do not state whether the applicant can take a facilitated case further to the Federal Supreme Court."},"deadline_days":{"value":30,"unit":"days","text":"The appeal period is 30 days from the day after notification, with statutory standstill periods around Easter, 15 July to 15 August and 18 December to 2 January.","basis":"Art. 20(1), 22a VwVG as cited in SEM Handbuch Kap. 4 ch. 438/3","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 4","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap4.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"standing":{"value":["applicant","affected cantons","affected communes"],"unit":"list","text":"Besides the applicant, the affected cantons and communes also have standing to appeal at federal level.","basis":"Art. 47(2) BüG","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"outcomes":{"nichteintreten":{"value":"non-entry: SEM does not enter into the application","unit":"definition","text":"SEM does not enter into an application when advance fees are not paid in time, or issues a reasoned, appealable non-entry decision when formal conditions are not met.","basis":"Art. 27(3) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 5 ch. 534, Kap. 7 ch. 751/4","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Handbuch: part of the advance fee is refunded if the investigation has not yet been carried out (for example CHF 350 or CHF 650 depending on route)."},"sistierung":{"value":"suspension pending criminal proceedings","unit":"definition","text":"SEM suspends the naturalisation procedure while criminal proceedings against the applicant are pending until they are finally concluded.","basis":"Art. 4(5) BüV","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}},"abschreibung":{"value":"write-off of the application","unit":"definition","text":"The canton may write off an application if the applicant no longer meets the conditions before naturalisation; SEM also writes off unpaid applications without further notice.","basis":"Art. 13(4) BüV; SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 334, 337","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Verordnung über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüV), SR 141.01, Stand 1.8.2026","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/405/20260801/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-405-20260801-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 337: applications must be written off where the C permit condition fails due to a stay abroad."},"abweisung":{"value":"refusal of the federal naturalisation permit","unit":"definition","text":"SEM refuses the federal permit after a written hearing if formal or material conditions are not met; the refusal is reasoned and costs CHF 300.","basis":"SEM Handbuch Kap. 3 ch. 336; Art. 25(1)(d) BüV","source":{"name":"SEM: Handbuch Bürgerrecht, Kapitel 3","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/buergerrecht/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf.download.pdf/hb-bueg20-kap3.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"}}},"dual_citizenship":{"swiss_law":{"value":{"permitted_since":"1992-01-01","renounce_required_by_swiss_law":false},"unit":"rule","text":"Swiss law has recognised dual nationality without restriction since 1 January 1992, so new Swiss citizens need not give up their previous citizenship, though the other country's law may remove it.","basis":"SEM dual nationality page","source":{"name":"SEM: Dual nationality (last modified 20.12.2020)","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/integration-einbuergerung/schweizer-werden/doppelbuerger.html","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"SEM gives no information on whether a foreign nationality is lost; applicants must ask that country."}},"no_investment_route":{"value":true,"unit":"boolean","text":"The BüG provides no investment-based route; its routes are acquisition by law, ordinary naturalisation, facilitated naturalisation and reintegration.","basis":"BüG Titles 1-2 (Art. 1-36), confirmed by absence","source":{"name":"Fedlex: Bundesgesetz über das Schweizer Bürgerrecht (BüG), SR 141.0, Stand 1.9.2023","url":"https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2016/404/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2016-404-20230901-de-pdf-a.pdf","tier":"A","read_date":"2026-10-23"},"note":"Honorary citizenship granted by a canton or commune without the federal permit has no naturalisation effect (Art. 19 BüG)."},"case_law":[{"citation":"BGE 129 I 217 (Emmen)","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2003-07-09","case_no":"1P.228/2002","topic":"discrimination; reasons for refusal; ballot votes","holding":"The court held that voters deciding naturalisation applications at the ballot box are bound by fundamental rights, and that refusals in Emmen based on the applicants' origin breached the ban on discrimination (Art. 8(2) Cst.) and the duty to give reasons.","applicant_meaning":"A refusal of naturalisation may not be based on an applicant's origin, and a negative decision must be reasoned.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1129217.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided under the 1952 BüG; the constitutional principles (non-discrimination, reasons) were later codified, today Art. 16 BüG. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 129 I 232","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2003-07-09","case_no":"1P.1/2003","topic":"reasons for refusal; privacy; ballot votes","holding":"The court held that a municipal initiative in Zurich to put naturalisation applications to a ballot vote was invalid, because a ballot cannot provide constitutionally adequate reasons and conflicts with applicants' privacy (Art. 13 Cst.).","applicant_meaning":"Naturalisation is treated as an administrative decision on an individual: applicants are parties with a right to be heard and to reasons for a refusal.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1129232.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Still cited (e.g. BGE 140 I 99). still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 134 I 56 (Birr)","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2008-02-27","case_no":"1D_11/2007","topic":"religion; headscarf; language; discrimination","holding":"The court held that refusing the wife was compatible with the Constitution given insufficient German and civics knowledge, but refusing the husband because his wife wears a headscarf was unjustified discrimination, since wearing it does not in itself express views contrary to democratic values.","applicant_meaning":"Wearing a religious headscarf is not on its own a valid ground to refuse naturalisation, while genuine language and civics gaps can be.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1134056.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided under the 1952 BüG. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 135 I 49","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2008-12-16","case_no":"1D_19/2007","topic":"social assistance; disability; discrimination","holding":"The court held that refusing naturalisation to a young woman with a mental disability solely because she depended on social assistance breached the ban on discrimination, since the self-sufficiency requirement affects persons with disabilities in a specific way.","applicant_meaning":"Dependence on social assistance that results from a disability may not on its own justify a refusal.","law_applied_note":"unclear","url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1135049.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided under the 1952 BüG; how the 2018 BüG and BüV treat disability was not checked in this lane. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 135 II 161","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2009-01-29","case_no":"1C_190/2008","topic":"annulment; facilitated naturalisation by marriage; burden of proof; family members","holding":"The court held that the authority bears the burden of proving that a naturalisation was obtained by deception, found deliberately false statements about the marriage in this case, and ruled that annulment does not automatically extend to all naturalised family members.","applicant_meaning":"False statements about a marriage can lead to annulment; whether children also lose citizenship requires a separate assessment.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c2135161.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided under Art. 41 of the 1952 BüG; annulment is now Art. 36 BüG and the same principles are applied in 1C_513/2023. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 137 I 235","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2011-04-13","case_no":"1D_1/2011","topic":"language level; integration; procedure","holding":"The court addressed the language level that may normally be required of applicants and minimum procedural standards for assessing language skills, endorsing the cantonal court view that oral skills of B1 to B2 may be required while written requirements should not exceed A2.","applicant_meaning":"Language requirements must be proportionate and assessed fairly; written standards set too high risk discriminating against less educated applicants.","law_applied_note":"superseded-by-2018-BüG","url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1137235.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Since 2018 the federal minimum is fixed by Art. 6 BüV (cited in BGE 148 I 271); the B1-B2 oral range in this decision predates that. The reading of E. 3.4 here relies on the cantonal court view the decision reproduces."},{"citation":"BGE 138 I 305","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2012-06-12","case_no":"1D_6/2011","topic":"arbitrariness; equal treatment; reasons; disability","holding":"The court held that since the 2009 amendment of the BüG introduced a duty to give reasons and court review, applicants for ordinary naturalisation may also plead arbitrariness (Art. 9 Cst.) and unequal treatment (Art. 8(1) Cst.).","applicant_meaning":"An applicant can challenge a refusal in court as arbitrary or unequal, not only as discriminatory.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1138305.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Changed earlier case law that excluded arbitrariness complaints. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 139 I 169","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2013-05-13","case_no":"1D_2/2012","topic":"mental disability; discrimination; communal autonomy","holding":"The court held that excluding persons with a mental disability from naturalisation for lack of their own will is not provided for by law and is discriminatory in its general effect, and that the cantonal finding of discrimination did not breach communal autonomy.","applicant_meaning":"A person with a mental disability cannot be refused naturalisation merely because they cannot form their own wish to naturalise.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1139169.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 140 I 99","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2014-02-14","case_no":"1D_3/2013","topic":"procedure; right to be heard; knowledge test","holding":"The court held that a commune breached the right to be heard and procedural fairness by testing general knowledge without notice during what had been announced as an interview, and quashed the refusal on that procedural ground.","applicant_meaning":"Applicants must be told in advance if their knowledge of Swiss and local conditions will be tested, so they can prepare.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1140099.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"The matter was remitted, not decided on the merits. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 140 II 65","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2014-02-14","case_no":"1C_835/2013","topic":"annulment; respect for the legal order; undisclosed offences","holding":"The court held that what matters for respect for the legal order is the applicant's actual conduct, so concealing offences one has committed, even if not yet discovered, can justify annulment of a facilitated naturalisation.","applicant_meaning":"Applicants must disclose relevant conduct and later changes that bear on the conditions; concealment can lead to annulment.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c2140065.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided under Art. 41 of the 1952 BüG; annulment is now Art. 36 BüG. The decision notes the time limits then in force (2 years from knowledge, at most 8 years). still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 141 I 60 (Trimmis)","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2015-03-11","case_no":"1D_2/2014","topic":"procedure; fact-finding; social contacts; past social assistance","holding":"The court held that the authorities breached procedural requirements by not investigating the social contacts the applicant relied on, and noted that social assistance received more than ten years earlier was undisputedly no obstacle.","applicant_meaning":"Authorities must investigate the integration evidence an applicant offers rather than rely on gaps they did not try to fill.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1141060.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Remitted for new fact-finding, not decided on the merits. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"1D_4/2016 (Bern)","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2017-05-04","case_no":"1D_4/2016","topic":"social assistance repayment; cantonal constitution","holding":"The court held that the Canton of Bern could refuse cantonal citizenship under Art. 7(3)(b) of its constitution because social assistance received in the previous ten years had not been fully repaid, including assistance received in other cantons, and that this was not disproportionate.","applicant_meaning":"In Bern, unrepaid social assistance from the last ten years can block naturalisation; the obstacle lapses after ten years.","law_applied_note":"unclear","url":"https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/de/php/aza/http/index.php?lang=de&type=show_document&highlight_docid=aza://04-05-2017-1D_4-2016","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Unpublished judgment on the pre-2018 regime; the ten-year reading is as described in this case, and current Bernese law was not checked here."},{"citation":"BGE 146 I 83","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2019-11-13","case_no":"1C_337/2019","topic":"cantonal presumption; basic knowledge; school attendance; communal autonomy","holding":"The court held that a Basel-Stadt rule presuming basic knowledge of Swiss and local conditions from school attendance in Switzerland did not violate the autonomy of the citizens' communes of Basel, Riehen and Bettingen.","applicant_meaning":"In Basel-Stadt, schooling in Switzerland may serve as proof of the required basic knowledge.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1146083.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Abstract review of cantonal law adopted under the 2014 BüG; the presumption text should be checked in the current cantonal law."},{"citation":"BGE 146 I 49 (Arth)","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2019-12-18","case_no":"1D_1/2019","topic":"integration; local knowledge; overall assessment; records of interviews","holding":"The court held that integration requirements must be proportionate and non-discriminatory overall, that an overall assessment of all criteria is required, and that refusing a long-term resident over a minor gap in local knowledge rested on a clear imbalance.","applicant_meaning":"A refusal cannot hinge on a few missed local-knowledge questions when the applicant meets all other criteria well.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1146049.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"The regeste states it applied the 1952 BüG; the overall-assessment approach is cited in later cases such as 1D_5/2022. still_good_law is an editorial assessment."},{"citation":"BGE 148 I 271 (Thun)","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2022-03-08","case_no":"1D_4/2021","topic":"language proof; local language; Matura certificate","holding":"The court held that requiring knowledge of the local language in a bilingual canton is permissible, but refusing to accept a sufficient Matura grade in German as proof of language skills was unconstitutional.","applicant_meaning":"A Swiss Matura with a sufficient grade in the local language can count as proof of language skills, even without a fide certificate.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bge/c1148271.html","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided under the 2014 BüG and Art. 6 BüV. The matter was remitted to Thun to continue the procedure."},{"citation":"1D_5/2022","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2023-10-25","case_no":"1D_5/2022","topic":"financial circumstances; debts; overall assessment; arbitrariness","holding":"The court held that refusing a Romanshorn applicant mainly because of a remaining debt of CHF 11,562.55 from advances on maintenance payments, while he met all other criteria, rested on a clear imbalance and was arbitrary, and directed the commune to grant communal citizenship.","applicant_meaning":"A modest outstanding debt being repaid in agreement with the creditor should not outweigh otherwise complete integration in an overall assessment.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/de/php/aza/http/index.php?lang=de&type=show_document&highlight_docid=aza://25-10-2023-1D_5-2022","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided after a public deliberation; the court left open how far cantons may tighten the federal criterion in Art. 4(1)(b) BüV."},{"citation":"1D_8/2023","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2024-01-22","case_no":"1D_8/2023","topic":"social assistance; economic integration; discrimination","holding":"The court held, in an Italian-language judgment, that the Lugano refusal for insufficient economic integration was upheld where the applicant had accumulated social assistance debt of CHF 405,846.47, as his discrimination complaint on health grounds was not substantiated.","applicant_meaning":"Long-term reliance on social assistance can justify refusal unless the applicant shows, with specifics, that it results from circumstances such as disability.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/de/php/aza/http/index.php?lang=de&type=show_document&highlight_docid=aza://22-01-2024-1D_8-2023","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"The application dated from 2012, so the pre-2018 regime applied; the court again left open whether social assistance recipients form a protected group."},{"citation":"1C_513/2023","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2024-03-13","case_no":"1C_513/2023","topic":"annulment; facilitated naturalisation by marriage; presumption","holding":"The court held that the annulment of a facilitated naturalisation was lawful where the divorce followed ten months after naturalisation, since separation within up to two years raises a presumption that no stable marriage existed that the applicant must rebut with concrete facts.","applicant_meaning":"Separation or divorce within about two years of facilitated naturalisation by marriage can lead to annulment unless convincing reasons are shown.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/de/php/aza/http/index.php?lang=de&type=show_document&highlight_docid=aza://13-03-2024-1C_513-2023","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Applied Art. 21 and Art. 36(1) BüG (2014 Act). The complaint concerning the daughter was declared inadmissible."},{"citation":"1C_562/2023","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2024-07-09","case_no":"1C_562/2023","topic":"facilitated naturalisation by marriage; burden of proof; stable marriage","holding":"The court held that refusal of facilitated naturalisation was justified because the applicant, who bears the burden of proof in such an application, had not shown a stable marital union, having concealed children born outside the marriage.","applicant_meaning":"In an application for facilitated naturalisation, the applicant must prove an intact, stable marriage and must disclose relevant facts.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/de/php/aza/http/index.php?lang=de&type=show_document&highlight_docid=aza://09-07-2024-1C_562-2023","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Decided under Art. 27(1) of the 1952 BüG because the application was filed in 2014; the court notes that the burden lies on the authority only in annulment proceedings."},{"citation":"1C_619/2024","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2025-05-02","case_no":"1C_619/2024","topic":"annulment; facilitated naturalisation by marriage","holding":"The court upheld the annulment of a facilitated naturalisation because the applicant had not rebutted the presumption, arising from the rapid breakdown of the marriage after naturalisation, that the marriage was not stable at the relevant time.","applicant_meaning":"A quick separation after naturalisation shifts the practical onus to the naturalised person to explain convincingly why the marriage was still intact.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/de/php/aza/http/index.php?lang=de&type=show_document&highlight_docid=aza://02-05-2025-1C_619-2024","read_date":"2026-10-23"},{"citation":"1C_406/2024","court":"Federal Supreme Court, First Public Law Division","date":"2025-11-17","case_no":"1C_406/2024","topic":"annulment; facilitated naturalisation by marriage; evidence","holding":"The court upheld an annulment, noting that the 2014 BüG has no retroactive effect and that a short interval between naturalisation and separation creates a presumption the applicant failed to rebut with concrete evidence.","applicant_meaning":"Photographs alone, without dated evidence or statements from relatives or friends, may not be enough to rebut the presumption.","law_applied_note":null,"url":"https://www.bger.ch/ext/eurospider/live/de/php/aza/http/index.php?lang=de&type=show_document&highlight_docid=aza://17-11-2025-1C_406-2024","read_date":"2026-10-23","note":"Applied Art. 41(1) of the 1952 BüG or Art. 36 BüG, as the court put it."}],"statistics":{"source":{"name":"State Secretariat for Migration (SEM), naturalisation statistics","url":"https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/publiservice/statistik/auslaenderstatistik/einbuergerungen.html","tier":"A"},"note":"SEM figures include people living abroad and exclude citizenship acquired by declaration or adoption, so they differ from Federal Statistical Office totals. Refusal rates and pending applications are not published by SEM.","latest_year":2025,"canton_period":"Einbürgerungen vom 1.1.2025 bis am 31.12.2025 nach Kanton","by_year":{"2015":{"total":42703,"resident_in_switzerland":40588,"resident_abroad":2115,"ordinary":31170,"facilitated":11371,"reintegration":162},"2016":{"total":42974,"resident_in_switzerland":41127,"resident_abroad":1847,"ordinary":32155,"facilitated":10688,"reintegration":131},"2017":{"total":46060,"resident_in_switzerland":44173,"resident_abroad":1887,"ordinary":34641,"facilitated":11260,"reintegration":159},"2018":{"total":44141,"resident_in_switzerland":42225,"resident_abroad":1916,"ordinary":32702,"facilitated":11312,"reintegration":127},"2019":{"total":42050,"resident_in_switzerland":39946,"resident_abroad":2104,"ordinary":33975,"facilitated":7874,"reintegration":201},"2020":{"total":35191,"resident_in_switzerland":33873,"resident_abroad":1318,"ordinary":28168,"facilitated":6899,"reintegration":124},"2021":{"total":37647,"resident_in_switzerland":36917,"resident_abroad":730,"ordinary":30245,"facilitated":7289,"reintegration":113},"2022":{"total":41890,"resident_in_switzerland":41321,"resident_abroad":569,"ordinary":35351,"facilitated":6511,"reintegration":28},"2023":{"total":41701,"resident_in_switzerland":41073,"resident_abroad":628,"ordinary":33886,"facilitated":7764,"reintegration":51},"2024":{"total":40685,"resident_in_switzerland":40077,"resident_abroad":608,"ordinary":33495,"facilitated":7148,"reintegration":42},"2025":{"total":41838,"resident_in_switzerland":41134,"resident_abroad":704,"ordinary":33460,"facilitated":8328,"reintegration":50}},"by_canton":{"CH-AG":{"total":3366,"resident_in_switzerland":3319,"resident_abroad":47,"ordinary":2482,"facilitated":879,"reintegration":5},"CH-AR":{"total":140,"resident_in_switzerland":129,"resident_abroad":11,"ordinary":97,"facilitated":43,"reintegration":0},"CH-AI":{"total":14,"resident_in_switzerland":11,"resident_abroad":3,"ordinary":0,"facilitated":14,"reintegration":0},"CH-BL":{"total":1262,"resident_in_switzerland":1250,"resident_abroad":12,"ordinary":995,"facilitated":267,"reintegration":0},"CH-BS":{"total":1501,"resident_in_switzerland":1470,"resident_abroad":31,"ordinary":1287,"facilitated":213,"reintegration":1},"CH-BE":{"total":3578,"resident_in_switzerland":3488,"resident_abroad":90,"ordinary":2835,"facilitated":737,"reintegration":6},"CH-FR":{"total":1032,"resident_in_switzerland":994,"resident_abroad":38,"ordinary":774,"facilitated":254,"reintegration":4},"CH-GE":{"total":2991,"resident_in_switzerland":2921,"resident_abroad":70,"ordinary":2325,"facilitated":660,"reintegration":6},"CH-GL":{"total":133,"resident_in_switzerland":124,"resident_abroad":9,"ordinary":77,"facilitated":56,"reintegration":0},"CH-GR":{"total":754,"resident_in_switzerland":734,"resident_abroad":20,"ordinary":595,"facilitated":157,"reintegration":2},"CH-JU":{"total":174,"resident_in_switzerland":158,"resident_abroad":16,"ordinary":116,"facilitated":58,"reintegration":0},"CH-LU":{"total":1354,"resident_in_switzerland":1327,"resident_abroad":27,"ordinary":999,"facilitated":355,"reintegration":0},"CH-NE":{"total":829,"resident_in_switzerland":809,"resident_abroad":20,"ordinary":662,"facilitated":167,"reintegration":0},"CH-NW":{"total":111,"resident_in_switzerland":105,"resident_abroad":6,"ordinary":77,"facilitated":34,"reintegration":0},"CH-OW":{"total":41,"resident_in_switzerland":41,"resident_abroad":0,"ordinary":19,"facilitated":22,"reintegration":0},"CH-SH":{"total":437,"resident_in_switzerland":428,"resident_abroad":9,"ordinary":353,"facilitated":84,"reintegration":0},"CH-SZ":{"total":433,"resident_in_switzerland":424,"resident_abroad":9,"ordinary":280,"facilitated":152,"reintegration":1},"CH-SO":{"total":760,"resident_in_switzerland":748,"resident_abroad":12,"ordinary":504,"facilitated":255,"reintegration":1},"CH-SG":{"total":2172,"resident_in_switzerland":2135,"resident_abroad":37,"ordinary":1509,"facilitated":658,"reintegration":5},"CH-TI":{"total":1163,"resident_in_switzerland":1138,"resident_abroad":25,"ordinary":832,"facilitated":328,"reintegration":3},"CH-TG":{"total":1025,"resident_in_switzerland":995,"resident_abroad":30,"ordinary":643,"facilitated":382,"reintegration":0},"CH-UR":{"total":70,"resident_in_switzerland":67,"resident_abroad":3,"ordinary":46,"facilitated":21,"reintegration":3},"CH-VD":{"total":5459,"resident_in_switzerland":5398,"resident_abroad":61,"ordinary":4781,"facilitated":674,"reintegration":4},"CH-VS":{"total":1192,"resident_in_switzerland":1166,"resident_abroad":26,"ordinary":937,"facilitated":255,"reintegration":0},"CH-ZG":{"total":747,"resident_in_switzerland":744,"resident_abroad":3,"ordinary":613,"facilitated":134,"reintegration":0},"CH-ZH":{"total":11100,"resident_in_switzerland":11011,"resident_abroad":89,"ordinary":9622,"facilitated":1469,"reintegration":9}},"top_nationalities":[{"nationality":"Deutschland","total":8980,"resident_in_switzerland":8860,"resident_abroad":120,"ordinary":7556,"facilitated":1424,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Italien","total":4220,"resident_in_switzerland":4191,"resident_abroad":29,"ordinary":3233,"facilitated":986,"reintegration":1},{"nationality":"Frankreich","total":3914,"resident_in_switzerland":3780,"resident_abroad":134,"ordinary":3291,"facilitated":617,"reintegration":6},{"nationality":"Kosovo","total":2106,"resident_in_switzerland":2105,"resident_abroad":1,"ordinary":1687,"facilitated":419,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Portugal","total":1840,"resident_in_switzerland":1830,"resident_abroad":10,"ordinary":1680,"facilitated":160,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Türkei","total":1404,"resident_in_switzerland":1395,"resident_abroad":9,"ordinary":1060,"facilitated":344,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Nordmazedonien","total":1307,"resident_in_switzerland":1307,"resident_abroad":0,"ordinary":1025,"facilitated":282,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Spanien","total":1280,"resident_in_switzerland":1269,"resident_abroad":11,"ordinary":1080,"facilitated":199,"reintegration":1},{"nationality":"Serbien","total":1096,"resident_in_switzerland":1093,"resident_abroad":3,"ordinary":826,"facilitated":270,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Vereinigtes Königreich","total":927,"resident_in_switzerland":892,"resident_abroad":35,"ordinary":774,"facilitated":153,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Eritrea","total":851,"resident_in_switzerland":851,"resident_abroad":0,"ordinary":832,"facilitated":19,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Polen","total":676,"resident_in_switzerland":671,"resident_abroad":5,"ordinary":580,"facilitated":96,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Russland","total":672,"resident_in_switzerland":663,"resident_abroad":9,"ordinary":487,"facilitated":185,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Sri Lanka","total":521,"resident_in_switzerland":521,"resident_abroad":0,"ordinary":487,"facilitated":34,"reintegration":0},{"nationality":"Indien","total":493,"resident_in_switzerland":490,"resident_abroad":3,"ordinary":443,"facilitated":50,"reintegration":0}]},"conflicts":[],"withheld":[{"field":"cantons.CH-ZH.processing_time","note":"not read: the Handbuch excerpt read states no overall processing time","source":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-ZH.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: no oath or ceremony requirement found in the Handbuch text read","source":"https://www.zh.ch/content/dam/zhweb/bilder-dokumente/themen/migration-integration/einbuergerung/eo_handbuch_einbuergerungen_ab_01.07.2023.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-BE.residence_canton_years","note":"not read: no separate canton residence figure in the BSIG text","source":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-BE.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: no oath or ceremony requirement found in the BSIG text read","source":"https://www.einbuergerung.sid.be.ch/content/dam/einbuergerung_sid/dokumente/de/bsig-einbuergerungsverfahren-de.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-LU.residence_canton_years","note":"not read: no separate canton residence figure in the KBüG text","source":"https://srl.lu.ch/api/de/versions/3140/pdf_file"},{"field":"cantons.CH-LU.knowledge_test","note":"not read: the KBüG text and the cantonal page read do not describe a knowledge test","source":"https://gemeinden.lu.ch/Einbuergerungen/einbuergerung_ausland/ordentliche_einbuergerung"},{"field":"cantons.CH-LU.interview","note":"not read: not described in the cantonal sources read","source":"https://gemeinden.lu.ch/Einbuergerungen/einbuergerung_ausland/ordentliche_einbuergerung"},{"field":"cantons.CH-LU.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not described in the sources read","source":"https://gemeinden.lu.ch/Einbuergerungen/einbuergerung_ausland/ordentliche_einbuergerung"},{"field":"cantons.CH-UR.interview","note":"not read: the Merkblatt and page read do not describe an interview","source":"https://www.ur.ch/_doc/455587"},{"field":"cantons.CH-UR.processing_time","note":"not read: no official processing time found in the Merkblatt or page","source":"https://www.ur.ch/_doc/455587"},{"field":"cantons.CH-UR.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not described in the sources read","source":"https://www.ur.ch/_doc/455587"},{"field":"cantons.CH-SZ.residence_canton_years","note":"not read: no separate canton residence figure on the cantonal page or in § 3 BRG","source":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487"},{"field":"cantons.CH-SZ.social_assistance_rule","note":"not read: no canton-specific social assistance period found in the Schwyz sources read","source":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487"},{"field":"cantons.CH-SZ.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not described in the sources read","source":"https://www.sz.ch/verwaltung/departement-des-innern/departementssekretariat/buergerrecht/ordentliche-einbuergerungen.html/8756-8758-8802-9316-9472-9477-9487"},{"field":"cantons.CH-OW.processing_time","note":"not read: no official processing time found in the Merkblatt text read","source":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693"},{"field":"cantons.CH-OW.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not described in the Merkblatt text read","source":"https://www.ow.ch/_doc/440693"},{"field":"cantons.CH-NW.knowledge_test","note":"not read: the Merkblatt and cantonal page read do not describe a separate knowledge test; local knowledge is covered in the commune's interview","source":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-NW.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not described in the sources read","source":"https://www.nw.ch/_docn/438677/Merkblatt_f%C3%BCr_die_Einb%C3%BCrgerung_von_Ausl%C3%A4nderinnen_und_Ausl%C3%A4ndern_im_Kanton_Nidwalden.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-GL.decision_body","note":"not read: the gl.ch page only refers to the municipality; the cantonal law portal gesetze.gl.ch is JavaScript-only.","source":"https://www.gl.ch/verwaltung/sicherheit-und-justiz/justiz/zivilstands-und-buergerrechtsdienst-des-kantons-glarus/buergerrecht.html/1223"},{"field":"cantons.CH-GL.interview","note":"not read: no interview information on the pages that could be opened.","source":"https://www.gl.ch/verwaltung/sicherheit-und-justiz/justiz/zivilstands-und-buergerrechtsdienst-des-kantons-glarus/buergerrecht.html/1223"},{"field":"cantons.CH-GL.processing_time","note":"not read: processing time and ceremony or oath are not stated on the pages that could be opened.","source":"https://www.gl.ch/verwaltung/sicherheit-und-justiz/justiz/zivilstands-und-buergerrechtsdienst-des-kantons-glarus/buergerrecht.html/1223"},{"field":"cantons.CH-ZG.social_assistance_rule","note":"not read unambiguously: page shows 3 years and 5 years without clear labels; by analogy with language rules the 5 years likely applies to filings after 31 Dec 2024. Check by eye.","source":"https://zg.ch/en/migration-integration/einbuergerung/ordentliche-einbuergerung"},{"field":"cantons.CH-SO.fees_cantonal","note":"not read: amounts are not stated on the pages or PDFs read (registration is free; fees arise on filing).","source":"https://so.ch/services/einbuergerung-beantragen/"},{"field":"cantons.CH-BL.interview","note":"not read: the law assigns the integration check to the commune council (§ 19) but names no interview; baselland.ch pages returned HTTP 403.","source":"https://baselland.talus.ch/de/politik/cdws/dok_geschaeft.php?did=f5124b160db542e0b875958d5f991a38-332&filename=Gesetzestext_nach_Schlussabstimmung&v=1&r=PDF&typ=pdf&searchterm=ellen"},{"field":"cantons.CH-BL.official_page","note":"not read: bl.clex.ch is JavaScript-only and baselland.ch returned HTTP 403; the URL was only seen in search results, so the official administrative page URL is not confirmed.","source":"https://bl.clex.ch/app/de/texts_of_law/110"},{"field":"cantons.CH-SH.residence_canton_years","note":"no cantonal residence period stated in the law text read; federal period applies","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SH.knowledge_test","note":"not read: no test described in law or page text","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SH.interview","note":"not read: not described in the law text","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SH.social_assistance_rule","note":"not read: no cantonal rule in the law text","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SH.processing_time","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SH.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AR.residence_canton_years","note":"no separate cantonal period stated; only commune period read","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AR.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AI.residence_commune_years","note":"not read: page states no commune-specific period","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AI.knowledge_test","note":"not read: no separate written test described; knowledge assessed at interview","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AI.fees_cantonal","note":"not read: only a 2025 consultation draft with new fees was found; enacted VLG fee text could not be opened","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AI.social_assistance_rule","note":"not read: only in unadopted draft law","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AI.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SG.knowledge_test","note":"not read: no test format described in the leaflet","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SG.interview","note":"not read: not described in the leaflet","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SG.social_assistance_rule","note":"not read: leaflet requires orderly finances only","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SG.processing_time","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-SG.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-GR.residence_canton_years","note":"not read: page text fetched lists federal and municipal levels only","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-GR.fees_cantonal","note":"not read: page states no amounts; law reportedly leaves fees to the communes","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-GR.processing_time","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-GR.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AG.social_assistance_rule","note":"not read: not stated in the pages read","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-AG.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not stated","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-TG.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: page does not mention an oath","source":null},{"field":"cantons.CH-TI.interview","note":"not read: LCCit Art. 16(1) requires an examination giving a complete picture of the applicant's personality, but the texts read do not call it an interview or say who conducts it","source":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4"},{"field":"cantons.CH-TI.social_assistance_rule","note":"not read: no cantonal rule read","source":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4"},{"field":"cantons.CH-TI.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not mentioned in LCCit/RLCCit text read","source":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4"},{"field":"cantons.CH-TI.language_written","note":"not read: see language_oral","source":"https://m3.ti.ch/CAN/RLeggi/public/index.php/raccolta-leggi/pdfatto/atto/4"},{"field":"cantons.CH-VD.interview","note":"not read: interview format and who conducts it","source":"https://www.vd.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/themes/vie_privee/naturalisations/fichiers_pdf/2018_LDCV_et_R%C3%A8glement_2018.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-VS.processing_time","note":"not read: no official duration stated on pages read","source":"https://www.vs.ch/web/spm/naturalisation-ordinaire1"},{"field":"cantons.CH-NE.residence_commune_years","note":"not read: no communal residence period read in LDCN or RLDCN","source":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-NE.knowledge_test","note":"not read: no knowledge test found in LDCN or RLDCN text read","source":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-NE.interview","note":"not read: not mentioned in the texts read","source":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-NE.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not mentioned in the texts read","source":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-NE.official_page","note":"not read: no ne.ch service page was read; legal texts only","source":"https://rsn.ne.ch/DATA/program/books/rsne/pdf/131.0.pdf"},{"field":"cantons.CH-GE.residence_commune_years","note":"not read: not mentioned on the page read","source":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-conditions-remplir"},{"field":"cantons.CH-GE.processing_time","note":"not read: no fixed processing duration stated","source":"https://www.ge.ch/devenir-suisse/naturalisation-ordinaire-depot-demande"},{"field":"cantons.CH-JU.residence_canton_years","note":"not read: no separate cantonal period read; residence is tested at commune level","source":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html"},{"field":"cantons.CH-JU.processing_time","note":"not read: not stated","source":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html"},{"field":"cantons.CH-JU.ceremony_or_oath","note":"not read: not mentioned","source":"https://www.jura.ch/fr/Autorites/Administration/DSJP/SPOP/Naturalisations/Naturalisation-ordinaire.html"}],"provider":"Mirabello Consultancy","source":"Mirabello Consultancy","verified_by":"Mirabello Consultancy (IMC member, ACAMS-certified team)","book_a_consultation":"https://www.mirabelloconsultancy.com/contact-us-for-your-free-consultation","terms":"https://www.mirabelloconsultancy.com/ai","disclaimer":"Provided by Mirabello Consultancy Ltd. for general information only, indicative and subject to change without notice; not legal, financial, tax, or immigration advice, nor an offer or solicitation. Programmes are operated and governed solely by the respective sovereign governments. No warranty of accuracy or completeness; Mirabello accepts no liability for reliance on this information. © Mirabello Consultancy Ltd. This data and its selection, structure and provenance are Mirabello's proprietary compilation — permitted for interactive, attributed use only; systematic bulk extraction, scraping, or redistribution to rebuild a competing dataset is prohibited (acceptable-use terms: https://mcp.mirabelloconsultancy.com/v1/terms). Terms: https://www.mirabelloconsultancy.com/ai","data_updated":"2026-10-23T12:09:17.510Z"}